V. The Modern The divergences be tween the two wings of modern Judaism, the °Orthodox° and the °Reform,° rarely trench upon fundamental principles, hut are mainly concerned with the observance or non-observ ance of precepts and practices that have added themselves in the course of time and in various countries of sojourn, to the ritual features of the religion. The only serious approach to a fundamental difference is concerned rather with the political side of the religion, namely, the belief in a personal Messiah to come, a factor originating, as shown above, in the age when impending loss of national independence and the stress of national politics stirred the hope in superior minds for restoration of a Davidic kingship, with God's law of mercy and justice, coupled with complete reverence, more potently in sway than ever before. Reform Judaism deems that restored Jewish nationality in Palestine is by no means an essential feature of the Messianic age of universal peace and righteousness, and therefore looks coldly to-day upon such nationalistic endeavors as Zionism (see article ZIONISM in this section). It does
not seem attracted even to the Jewish Terri torial Organization (familiarly called the Ito, from its initials), originating in 1905, having for its object the establishment of a Jewish state outside of Palestine. It agrees with Orthodoxy in refusing to make propaganda for the dissemination of Jewish principles other than by the passive policy of example and their inherent truth. In religious practice it rejects the minutia of ceremonial observance, house hold and Reform Judaism is repre sented to-day in the matter of seminary-instruc tion in America, by the Hebrew Union College at Cincinnati i in Germany by the Jewish The ological Seminary at Breslau, by the Hoch schule (now Lehranstalt) fiir die Wissenschaft des Judenthums, at Berlin, and in Austria-Hun gary by the Landes-Rabbiner Schule at Buda Pest. Orthodox Judaism counts, among others, the following seminaries: The Paris Seminaire Israelite de France, the London Jews' College, the Berlin Rabbinical Seminary, the New York Jewish Theological Seminary, and the Rabbin ical College of America.