JOUBERT, yow'bert, Petrus Jacobus, Boer military officer: b. Kongo, Oudtshoorn district, Cape Colony, 20 Jan. 1834; d. Pretoria, 28 March 1900. After an elementary education he settled as a farmer in the Wakkerstroom dis trict of the Transvaal, about 1863 was elected for that district to the Volksraad, and in 1870 became attorney general of the South African Republic. During the visit of President Burgers to Europe in 1875 he was acting Presi dent. In 1880 he becrme one of the trium virate administering the provisional Boer gov ernment and commander-in-chief of the Boer forces at the outbreak of the war with England, and three times defeated the British, at Laing's Nek, Ingogo and Majuba Hill, the last battle (27 Feb. 1881) deciding the war in favor of the Boers. He was again acting President dur ing the absence of President Kruger in Europe in 1883-84. Three times he unsuccessfully con tested the presidency with Kruger, the vote +be ing 3,431 to 1,171 in 1883; 7,911 to 7,246 in 1893; and 12,858 to 2,001 in 1898. In the second Boer war also he was commandant-general, and di rected the campaign in northern Natal which resulted in a succession of disasters for the British. He became ill early in 1900, however, and was obliged to withdraw from active serv ice. He was in many ways the ablest of the Boer military leaders, though his excessive caution, lack of determination and ready will ingness to compromise with the opinions of other Boer leaders frequently resulted in his failure to carry his successes against the British to their logical conclusions. However, his valor, strict honesty and generosity brought him well-deserved admiration even from his enemies. Consult Anon., 'General Joubert' (in
Review of Reviews, Vol. XXI, p. 574, New York 1900) ; Maurice, Sir F., ed., 'History of the War in South Africa 1899-1902' (4 vols., London 1906-10).
jOUETT;jow'et, James Edward, American naval officer: b. Lexington, Ky., 7 Feb. 1827; d. Sandy Springs, Md., 30 Sept. 1902. He entered the navy in 1841, served with distinction during the Mexican War, was promoted to passed midshipman in 1847, in 1861 with a detachment of marines entered Galveston Harbor and destroyed the Confederate war-vessel Royal Yacht, and for his services was appointed to the command of the United States steamship Montgomery. As lieutenant-commander, he was prominent in Farragut's entrance of Mobile Bay (August 1864), and in 1885,. when in command of the North Atlantic squadron he opened the transit across the Isthmus of Panama, closed by the enemy. He was promoted rear-admiral in 1886, subsequently president of the Board of Inspection and Survey, and in 1890 was retired. By a special act of Congress, passed March 1893, he was granted full pay during his retire ment in appreciation of his great services to his country. Consult Anon., 'J. E. (in United Service, Vol. XVI, p. 523; Vol. XVII, p. 17, Philadelphia 1896-97) ; Baber, G., 'Rear Admiral J. E. Jouett' (in Kentucky State His torical Society Register, Vol. XII, No. 35, p. 9, Frankfort 1914) ; Clark, C. E., 'Prince and Boatswain> (Greenfield 1915) ; United States, Navy Department. 'Memorandum in the Case of Captain J. E. Jouett' (Washington 1880).