KHYBER, kTher, or KHAIBAR PASS, a mountain pass on the frontiers of India and Afghanistan, leading from Punjab to Jelalabad and Cabul. The pass-- a narrow defile— winds northwest through a range of hills, called by the same name, for a distance of about 33 miles and forms the bed of two streams, the one flowing northwest, the other south-south ea'St. It 'is at one part as narrow as 40 feet in width, ranging up to 450 feet wide, and in many places the hills on either side are quite precipitous and inaccessible, rising at one point to the height of 1,300 feet. At 9/2 miles dis tance from the Indian entrance of the pass is the fort of All Masjid, which has several times been taken by the British from the Afghans, during the wars of 1839-42, 1878-80 and the Afridi campaign of 1897. The highest point of the pass is Lundi Kotal, 3,373 feet above sea level. The pass forms the northern military route from India to Afghanistan, and is now under British control. Consult 'Imperial Gazetteer of India' (Vol. XV, Oxford 1908).
ketse, or ViscouxT Kt, Chinese statesman who flourished about the middle of the 12th century n.c. Tra dition credits him with being the founder of Korean civilization and an ancestor of the Chinese philosopher and religious teacher Con fucius. Semi-lenvendary semi-historical ac counts of his life show him as a man of great strength of character and determination coupled with honesty of purpose. According to these accounts he attempted to reform the licentious Chinese Emperor Chow-sin (1154-1123 a.c.), who had developed into a ferocious and bloo tyrant, and being imprisoned for his pains until the overthrow of Chow-sin. Liberated from prison by the conqueror, Wu-Wang, Ki-tse still remained loyal and faithful to his sovereign and sooner than remain under the domination or submit to the government of the new ruler of China, he is represented as going off with his thousands of adherents far eastward and there founding a new kingdom in what is now modern Korea. The capital of this new king dom was Ping-yang, situated on the Ta-Dong River, where the remains of a very ancient tomb are still pointed out to the tourist and visitor as his. There seems to be some doubt
as to whether Ki-tse ever really existed, or if he did, that he performed all the things attrib uted to him. In fact the catalogue of his doings reads very much like those attributed to the legendary hero ancestors or culture gods of so many races. He was to the Koreans what Moses was to the Jews, their great law-giver, leader, and, in a sense, prophet. He taught them most of the important activities of their na tional life, among them agriculture, in all its branches, and especially the rearing of the mul berry tree and of silk worms, the manufacture of silk, including its spinning and weaving. Ki-tse seems to have been more than a law giver and teacher of industrial activity, for he is credited with having formulated the Korean conception of morality, the proper relations of man to man and to society and the court; and he is credited with having laid great stress upon honesty and integrity in all the relations of life. The Great Plan' or 'Bonk of His tory' (Shu-king) is attributed to him by the Koreans. It is more than probable that Korean civilization was largely derived from China, but there is nothing in Chinese history which would back the Korean story of the coming of the founder and philosopher Ki-tse. In fact the account of his wanderings and of his forced exile from his own country is exactly in line with the adventures attributed to most of the great culture heroes of the world; and the myths that have become attached to him are in no respect different from those that cluster around the other known culture heroes and fabled ancestors of nations. Like most of the culture gods he had to struggle against evil to bring good to the people he had chosen to honor with his favors and his gifts of the knowledge of civilization. For the legendary stories of Ki-tse consult any good history of Korea; and for The Great Plan' consult 'Chinese Classics> (Vol. III, Hongkong 1865).