KIOWA, Icro-wa(properly kii-gwil mean ing "Principal People), a considerable Indian tribe now in Oklahoma, whose language forms a distinct stock, who have resisted with un usual virility the physical decay so common among the tribes, and whose' pictograph calen dar from about 1830 is of scientific interest. They were first noticed in 1732. In dress and dwellings they are civilized, but otherwise tenacious of their old customs; of which the most prominent were the sun dance, and de votion to a stone image called the Taime, a sort of guardian deity. They had a military order of six degrees, and were organized in six bands; one of which, inaccurately called the Kiowa Apache (by themselves e N a diish aft dine), is an Athapascan tribe immemorially confederated with them. First living (accord ing to their and other tribes' traditions) in the Montana Rockies along the head waters of the' Missouri and Columbia, they followed the re treating buffalo herds southward along the plains, allying themselves with the Crows and assailed by the Cheyenne and Sioux; halted for a while successively in the Black Hills and along the Platte and Arkansas. At.first warr ing with the Comanches, but since 1790 in con federacy with them they finally made peace with the Cheyennes and Arapahoes. They be came one of the most formidable scourges of the plains, harrying the frontiers of the United States and Mexico. The treaty of Medicine Lodge, Kan., in 1867, enforced (after their dis obedience) by Custer's troops during the next winter, placed them, with the Comanches, Cheyennes and Arapahoes, upon reservations in Oklahoma. They broke loose in 1874 and Mackenzie was obliged to kill their horses and deport their leaders and chief men to Florida. In 1892 measles and typhoid fever destroyed over 300 Kiowas. Thenceforth they remained
on the reservation. This was thrown open to settlement in 1901, and they accepted Ameri can citizenship. Their number, about 1,300, is not very much less than at any time for a century. Mooney, 'Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians' ('l7th Report, Bureau of American Ethnology' 1898); 'Ghost Dance Religion' (14th Report, Bureau of American Ethnology).
KIP, William Ingraham, American clergy man: b. New York, 3 Oct. 1811; d. San Fran cisco, 7 April 1893. He was educated at Rutgers College and at Yale, where he was graduated in 1831. His theological training was acquired at the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary of New York City from which he graduated in 1835. The same year he was ordained deacon and priest. He was rector of Saint Peter's, Morristown, N. J., 1835-36; Curate of Grace Church, New York, 1836-37; rector of Saint Paul's, Albany, N. Y., 1837-53; first missionary bishop of California, 1853-57; first bishop of California, 1857 moil his death. He was the author of 'The His tory, Object and Proper Observance of the Holy Season of Lent' (1843; 4th ed., 1853); 'The Double Witness of the Church' (1844, other eds.) • 'The Christmas Holidays in Rome' (1845) ; 'Early Jesuit Missions in North America' (1846); 'Early Conflicts of Christianity' (1850); 'The Catacombs of Rome' (1854, 3 eds. in New York and 2 in London) ; R e ca ntation,' a tale of domestic life in Italy (1855); 'The Unnoticed things of Scripture' (1868; 3d ed., 1879); 'The Olden Time in New York, 1664-1775' (Anon. 1872); 'Historical Scenes from the Old Jesuit Mis sions' (1875); 'The Church of the Apostles' (1877).