KLUCK, kltik, Alexander H. R. von, Ger man general: b. Miinster, Westphalia, 20 May 1846. He entered the army in 1865 and served in the Austrian campaign of 1866 and the Franco-German War, 1870-71. In the latter he was twice wounded at Metz and awarded the Iron Cross (second class) for bravery. At the opening of the European War he commanded the First German Army (the right wing) in the invasion of Belgium and the subsequent drive on Paris. Von Kluck had long been re, garded as one of the best infantry in the German army. Starting from Aix-la Chapelle, he marched through Vise, took Brus sels and Louvain, fought the battles of Mons and le Gateau, and finally came almost into touch with the outer defenses of Paris. In stead, however, of moving straight on to the French capital from Senlis, he turned in a southeasterly direction, leaving Paris and the British forces on his right. This unexpected move led to what has been calla the turning point of the war. Unknown to von Kluck, General Joffre had placed a new French army under Maunoury at the left of the British, and another army under Foch at the right, adjoin ing the command of Franchet d'Esperey, which stood immediately on the British right. Maun oury attacked von Kluck on his exposed flank and caused that gap in the German line into which General Foch threw all his strength, thereby deciding the battle of the Marne and forcing the Germans to retreat beyond the Aisne. Most military writers maintain that the strategy of von Kluck was responsible for the breakdown of the original German plan of campaign. Toward the end of March 1915,
while inspecting an advanced position, he was struck by shrapnel, which caused seven wounds. Shortly afterward he received the Order Pour le Write. In October 1916 the Militor Wochenblatt announced that Field,Marshal von Kluck had been placed on half-pay, in accord ance with his request to be allowed to retire. His son, Lieutenant Egon von !Cluck, was killed early in 1915. See FOCH, GENERAL; WAR, EUROPEAN: BATTLE OF THE MARNE.
klookshen, August, Ger man educator and historian: b. Bavenhausen, 6 July 1832; d. Munich, 19 May 1893. He stud ied at Heidelberg and G6ttingen; and in 1850 became editor at Munich of a critical division of von Sybel's (Historischen Zeitschrift.) After acting as teacher (docent) in Munich University from 1860, in 1865 he was made full professor and was professor in the technical high school in 1869. He was appointed pro fessor of history in GOttingen University in 1883. He wrote Geschichte des Gottes (1857) ; (Wilhem III, Herzug von (1861); der Reiche, Herzog von Bayern-Landshut> (1865); (Fried rich der Fromme, Kurfurst von der Hale (1876) ; Konigin von Preussen) (1876); (1879). He published L von Westenrieders Leben und Schriften) (1890). His (Vortrage und Aufsitze) (1894) was issued as a posthumous work by Heigel and Wrede, Munich.