KRAAL, kill, a South African word used to designate a native village whose huts are surrounded and protected by a circular hedge or stockade. The word may be derived from an African source, but is probably taken from the Spanish corral or the Portuguese curral, a cattle pen or fold. Hence the term is used to define the folds or enclosures built for the pro tection of cattle.
Richard, BARON VON, German neurologist: b. Mannheim, 14 Aug. 1840; d. Mariengrun, near Graz, 22 Dec. 1902. He studied at Heidelberg, Zurich, Vienna and Prague and was appointed (1864) assistant physician in the lunatic asylum at Illenau. He went to Heidelberg to study psychology (1868) and then settled at Baden Baden as nerve specialist. After the Franco Prussian War, in which he was army physician, he directed an electro-therapeutical establish ment at Baden-Baden. In 1872 he went to Strassburg as assistant professor of psychiatry and director of the Clinic of Psychiatry, but, in the following year became professor of psychiatry, director of the national insane asylum at Feldhoff, and practised at Graz.
In 1886 he was appointed professor of psychiatry and neurology at the enlarged Graz clinic. He founded a private sanatorium at Mariengriin, but went to Vienna (1889) as professor of psychiatry and nervous diseases. In 1902 he returned to Graz. His 'Lehrbuch der Psychiatry auf klinische Grundlage' (Stutt gart 1879-80; 7th ed., 1903) and his der gerichtlichen Psychopathologic' (ib. 1875; 3d ed., 1900) determined the place of psychiatry in clinical science. In neurology also he did great service by his work on epilepsy, hemi crania, paralysis agitans, etc. He also wrote der Kriminalpsychologie (Stutt gart, 1872) •, Weber gesunde und kranke Nerve& (5th ed., Tubingen 1903); 'Psycho pathia sexualis' (Stuttgart 1886; 12th ed., 1903) was translated into seven languages; (Hypno tische Experimenta' (ib.; 2d ed., 1892) ; progressive allgemeine Paralyse,' in Nothnagel's Pathologic. and Therapie (Vienna 1894, Vol. IX), etc.