KRASZEWSKI, Josef Ig naty, Polish novelist, dramatist and historian: b. Warsaw, 28 July 1812; d. Geneva, 19 March 1887. He was educated in Biala, Lublin and Swisloch and studied history, literature and languages at Vilna University. He was im prisoned (1831-33) for participating in the Polish insurrection, after which he returned to his family estate Dolhe, government Grodno, and rented (1837) the Omelno estate in Volhynia. He went to Schitomir (1853) where he filled several honorary positions, then went to Warsaw (1860) as editor of the Gaeta cod:4nm°. Being exiled, for participating in the rebellion, he went to Dresden (1863), be coming a naturalized citizen (1876). In 1884 he was sentenced, at Leipzig, to three and a half years' imprisonment for high treason, but was permitted six months' absence (1885) to re cover his health. He traveled to Switzerland and Italy but never returned. At Cracow he was banished and died at Geneva. He was the most prolific of Polish writers, entering every branch of literature in prose and poetry, but his most substantial success lay in his romances. His stories, that have made up a total of 400 volumes, may be divided into two categories; up to 1863 dealing with social matters, then entering the realm of politics. Of his first works 'Pan Walery' (Vilna and a few following the world took little notice, but his novel 'Poeta i awiat'— the Poet and the World (Posen 1839) made him the pet of the Polish public. To the novels of the first period be long 'Ulana> (Vilna 1843) 'Kordecki' (ib.
1852); (Chata za wsia' (Saint Petersburg 1854-55). His political novels, written under the pseudonym Boleslavita, include 'Dziecie, starego miasta,> attractively relates the prep arations that were made for the 1863 insur rection; The Spy' was translated into German as Spion' (Dresden 1864) as were also ' 'The Pair' ; 'The Moscovite) 'The Jew' ; 'In the East,' etc. Among his historical novels we find BriihP (1865); 'Countess Cosel' (1874), etc. Of his cultural novels of the second period Should be mentioned (Mori tur0 (1874-75), and (1876), both translated into German in Reclam's Universal-Bibliothek. Of his poetical works should be mentioned (Vilna 1843 45), concerning the ancient history of Lithuania, and (Hymny bolesei) (Paris 1857). Most im portant of his dramatical works are the comedy 'Mind Kasztelanski> (Kief 1860) and the his torical drama maja> (Cracow 1876). His literary-historical dissertations were is sued collectively, in part, as 'Studja literacicie' (Vilna 1842) and studja literaelci) (Warsaw 1843). Of his histories must be cited his of Vilna' (1750) ; (Warsaw 1847-50), concerning ancient monu ments of Lithuania. Besides which he wrote many philosophical, esthetic art and archeo logical treatises. Consult Bohdanowicz, I. von Kraszewski in seinem Wirken und seine Werke& (Leipzig 1879).