KRAUSE, Karl Christian Friedrich, Ger man philosopher and writer: b. Eisenberg, 6 May 1781; d. Munich, 27 Sept. 1832. He studied philosophy at Jena under Fichte and Sdhelling and took his degree (1802) as private teacher (docent), becoming instructor at the Dresden Academy of Engineering (1805). He returned to Berlin (1814) after Fichte's death, but settled in Gottingen (1824), as private teacher without gaining the professorial degree. In 1831 he removed to Munich but without accomplishing his desire of a professorship. He was a prolific writer as he had to care for a large family. He was the originator of a philosophical system all his own, which he differentiated from that of the Schelling-Hegel Pantheismus (all-God doc trine) with the name Panentheismus (all-in-God doctrine) and defined as the union of Absolu tism, of Schelling-Hegel, with the Subjectivism, of Kant-Fichte. He contended that the duty of man was to combine in one single union (Bund) composed of an organism of branch unions, each member and branch belonging, fully and harmoniously, a part of the living whole. He hoped to gain advance in his propa ganda by joining the Freemasons (1805), in which organization he thought he saw certain fundamental social features coinciding with his theories, and he wrote a number of articles on Freemasonry, but his expressed theories brought him into contest with the fraternity and he was expelled (1810). Among his followers were,
Ahrens, Leonhardi, Lindemann, Roeder, etc., who spread the philosophical tenets through Belgium, Spain and South. America. Foremost of his published works are des Sys tems der Logik als philosophischer Wissen schaft' (Gottingen 1828) ; iiber das System der Philosophic' (ib. 1828) ; des Systems der Philosophic des Rechts' (ib. 1828) ; fiber die Grund wahrheiten der Wissenschaft' (ib. 1829). Since his death a large mass of his unpub lished manuscripts have been issued in numer ous volumes by Leonhardi, Leutbecher and others (Gottingen 1834-48), by ROder tem der Rechtsphilosophie,' Leipzig 1874) and more recently by Hohlfelts. Consult Hohfeld, (Die Krausesche Philosophic' (Jena 1879) ; Procksch, Christian Friedrich Krause, ein Lebensbild nach seinen Briefen' (Leipzig 1880) ' • Eucken, Errinnerung an Krause' (ib. 1881) ; Martin, F. Krauses Leben, Lehre und Bedeutung> (ib. 1881) ; Leonhardi, (K. Chr. Friedr. Krauses Leben und Lehr& (ib. 1902), and Chr. F. Krause philos ophischer Denker gewiirdigkeit> (ib. 1905) ; Kohler, Philosoph Krause als Geograph' (ib. 1904).