Other marine laboratories are the Chesa peake Zoological Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, the Hopkins Seaside Lab oratory of the Leland Stanford Junior Univer sity in California and the Tufts College Lab oratory at Harpswell, Me. Another great biological laboratory is that of the Carnegie Institution at Cold Spring Harbor.
Many special problems in biology, in ined icine and other branches are studied in labora tories such as the Crocker Cancer Laboratory at Columbia University. Investigation into physiological processes in health and disease has been in late years so highly specialized that individual physicians are no longer able to fol low them up, even in their own specialty, but now send specimens obtained from their patients to the larger laboratories. One of the most famous of the biological laboratories is that of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, which was founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1901, situated at 66th street and the East River in New York City. This institu tion, endowed with nearly $3,000,000, contains pathological, chemical, bacteriological, phar macological, experimental biological and experi mental surgical laboratories, a hospital and an animal house. Animals are bred and farm products are supplied from a farm belonging to the institute and situated at Clyde, N. J., and an additional biological laboratory is main tained at Woods Hole, Mass. The institute publishes its findings in various branches of research through the media of its Journal of Experimental and in Studies and Monographs, issued from time to time.
A second very important marine biological laboratory for research exists at Woods Hole, where scientists from many institutions congre gate. This laboratory is devoted entirely to research. There are many other important biological stations along the Atlantic, Pa cific and Gulf coasts and a few on the Great Lakes.
The special appliances necessary to meet the needs of marine laboratories are boats, both large and small, nets, apparatus for obtaining the vegetable as well as the animal life of the salt and fresh water bodies and aquariums.
The researches of Pasteur in France on bacteria have led to the establishment of im portant bacteriological laboratories throughout the world. The universities and colleges in the United States have many laboratories devoted to teaching and investigation along the differ ent groups of the biological sciences.
The botanical laboratory is devoted to the study of the life of plants and their classifica tion according to their distinguishing charac teristics and structure.
The laboratories for the whole group of biological sciences have much equipment in com mon. The laboratory rooms should be well lighted, preferably with north light and with window bars done away with as much as possi ble; the building should be situated so as to have a low horizon. This is important in micro scopic and microphotographic work, in order to get a uniform lighting of the slide on the microscope stage. The rooms should be pro vided with tables, on which is placed a full equipment of reagents, staining and preserving solutions. Dissecting instruments are among the individual needs of the students. Micro tomes are needed for cutting sections, to be mounted on slides for examination under the microscope. The photomicrographic camera aids very materially in the careful, systematic study of specimens. The negatives thus ob tained are available for making lantern slides for projection purposes and for making en larged photographs. In some lines of research work, as in bacteriology, culture media, in which the particular form of life may grow and mul tiply, may be used. Often the cultures must be kept for hours at a certain temperature, thus necessitating incubators, of which the temper ature is regulated by thermostats. Frequently rooms are set apart for cultures. Dark rooms are essential for the development of negatives resulting from the photographic work.
Chemical Laboratory.— The chemical lab oratory is one of the most important factors in the educational and industrial systems of our civilization. The rooms of the chemical labor atory should be well lighted and ventilated. Special lines of work should be isolated. The lecture-room for demonstration purposes should be much the same in its general features as the physical lecture-room (q.v.). The lecture-room should be supplied with different gases, includ ing common illuminating gas, oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen and hydrogen are gen erally supplied in heavy steel tanks under high pressure. A demonstration lantern should be conveniently placed. The table top should have one or two holes in it connected to the suction fan for carrying off fumes and gases, thus keep ing them from being disseminated through the rootn.