The greatest representatives of scholastic ism come in the 13th century, after the works of Aristotle had become thoroughly known. The first of these, in the point of time, is Alexander of Hales (d. 1245), a Franciscan. Then in rapid succession come the Dominicans, Albertus Magnus (c. 1206-80), an indefati gable writer upon a multiplicity of subjects be sides philosophy and theology, and his famous pupil, Thomas Aquinas (1225 or 1227-74), with his theologies) and Summa contra gentiles,) besides commentaries upon Aristotle and Peter Lombard. Other commen taries on the (Sentences) were composed by Saint Bonaventure (1221-74), who also wrote mystical and exegetical works, and Joannes Duns Scotus (c. 1270-1308), author of numer ous treatises on disputed questions. Besides these, mention should be made of the natural philosopher, Roger Bacon (c. 1214-94) ; the controversialist, Raymond Lully (c. 1235-1315); the encyclopedist, Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1190 c. 1264), and the liturgical writer, Durandus (c. 1237-96), called Few scho lastics are to be noticed after the 13th century. Outside of William Ockam (c. 1280-c. 1349), there are the mystics, John Ruysbroek, Denis the Carthusian, and Maitre Eckhart.
The 13th century also witnessed the produc tion of such famous hymns as Lingua) and Mater,) and it was in this century that Jacobus de Voragine wrote his Aurea,> and Matthew of Paris, the last and perhaps the greatest of monastic annalists, lived. In the early part of this century a striking contrast to Ekkehard's• 'Waltharius> is found in the of Albertus Standensis, whose theme is classical as well as the metre and innumerable centos borrowed from Virgil. A valuable contribu tion to the political science of the Middle Ages was the (De Monarchia> of Dante (1265-1321), which is comparable with the regimine Principis> of Saint Thomas Aquinas.
During the last three or four centuries of the Middle Ages canon and Roman law were making rapid progress. Gratian (1160) com menced the codification of the former, and his work was continued by Innocent III, Gregory IX. Raymond of Penafort and Boniface VIII, until a Iuris Canonici) was ready to take its place by the side of the Iuris Civilis.> Some of the chief commentators on canon law in the various stages of its codifica tion were No of Chartres, Henry of Segusic (Hostiensis), Joannes Andreae, Guido da Baisio and Agostino Trionfi. Many of these
commentaries appeared in the form of a arranged logically or alphabetically. With regard to Roman law some of the chief commentators were Irnerius, Azo, Accursius, Cino da Pistoja and Bartolus. During the 13th century the Institutes of Justinian were used as a model by Bracton in his collection of English laws and customs.
This brings to a close the Latin literature of the Middle Ages, for Petrarch, Boccaccio and Poggio, though living before the fall of Con stantinople, logically belong with the Renais sance and are generally so considered. A retro spect over the period covered by this article leads to the conclusion that the Middle Ages were not so 'Mark* as they have been pic tured; that Latin literature did not die with the fall of the Western Empire, although it inevitably felt the adverse influence of barbar ism, but on the contrary created or developed several literary forms of no mean value, such as hymns, romances and history, the latter rep resenting every variety of style from the dryest of annals and mere records through real his tories and biographies to historical romances; and that it was due to this preservation of the Latin language and literature and its spirit in the monasteries side by side with the vernacular that contributed in large measure to the re vival of learning in the 15th century.
Bibliography.— Chevalier, Ulysse, Reper toire des sources historiques du moyen age: bio-bibliographie) (Paris 1907) ; Clark, Victor S.,
in the Latin of the Middle
(Lancaster, Pa., 1900) ; Ebert, A.,
Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abendlande' (Leipzig 1889) ; Grolier, Gustav,