Scientific Associations, Associations for promoting science, art, learning, etc.. are exceedingly numerous. The chief are the Royal Society, Burlington House, founded in 1660; the Society of Antiquaries, in the same build ing, originally founded in 1572; the Royal Academy (of painting, etc.), in Trafalgar square, founded in 1768; the Royal College of Physicians, founded by Linacre, physician to Henry VIII, in 1518; the Royal College of Surgeons; the Royal Geographical Society, with a choice geographical library and large collec tion of maps; the Institution of Civil Engi neers; the Royal Institute of British Architects, possessing a good library of architectural works; the Royal Institution of Great Britain, established in 1799; the Royal Horticultural Society, which possesses the botanic gardens is Regent's Park, as also at South Kensington and at Chiswick; the Royal Astronomical So ciety; the Royal Asiatic Society; the British Association; the Zoological Society, with its collection of animals in Regent's Park; the Geological Society and the Anthropological Institute.
Hospitals and Charitable Institutions.— Besides the three great endowed hospitals, Saint Bartholomew's, in West Smithfield, Guy's, Southwark, and Saint Thomas, Lambeth, oc cupying a large and splendid range of buildings on the Thames Embankment opposite the Houses of Parliament, there are the London Hospital, Saint George's Hospital, the' Middle sex Hospital, Westminster Hospital, Charing Cross Hospital, King's College Hospital, Uni versity College Hospital, Saint Mary's Hospital and Royal Free Hospital, all with medical schools attached. Other general hospitals are the Great Northern Hospital, the West London Hospital and the Metropolitan Hospital; be sides the German Hospital, Dalston; hospitals for special diseases, as consumption, fever, can cer; hospitals for women, for children, etc. Bethlehem Hospital (Bedlam), in Saint George's Fields, south of the river, is the chief hospital for lunatics; Saint Luke's Hospital is also for insane patients. The Foundling Hospital (see FOUNDLING) is rather an asylum for illegitimate children generally than a hospital for found lings. Chelsea Hospital and Greenwich Hos pital are institutions by themselves.
Prisons.— There are altogether about a dozen criminal prisons. The most celebrated of these, Newgate, near Saint Sepulchre's Church, a gloomy and massive structure, the scene of a great many executions, was pulled down in 1903. Millbank penitentiary, or prison, an im mense brick edifice with external walls enclos ing upward of 16 acres, has been demolished, and the site utilized partly for workmen's dwellings, and partly for the Tate Picture Gallery. The chief existing prisons are the Wandsworth prison, Holloway prison (for females); the model prison, Pentonville, con taining 1,000 cells, in which the inmates are taught useful trades; Wormwood Scrubs prison, a large building standing on the borders of London.
Squares and Public The squares of London are characteristic; many of them are of great beauty and extent, and planted with shrubbery. Among them are Saint James' square, north of Pall Mall; Eaton, Belgrave (10 acres), Grosvenor, Portman, Cavendish squares, all in the West End; Russell square (10 acres), Bedford, Bloomsbury, Tavistock and Euston squares, in the west central part of the town; Trafalgar square, at Charing Cross, fronting one of the principal thoroughfares, and adorned with public buildings, fountains, the Nelson Column and statues of Charles I, George IV and others. The most conspicuous public monuments are "the Monument' on Fish Street Hill, London Bridge, a fluted Doric column, 202 feet high, erected in 1677, in com memoration of the great fire of London; the York Column, at the south end of Waterloo Place, a plain Doric pillar of granite, 124 feet high, surmounted by a bronze statue of the Duke of York; a fluted Corinthian column in Trafalgar square, feet high, raised in honor of Nelson, and surmounted with a colos sal bronze statue of the hero, having the pedes tal decorated with bronze sculptures in high relief, and four magnificent lions, by Sir E. Landseer, at the angles; the Albert Memorial, Hyde Park, the most splendid and costly monu ment of recent times, being a Gothic structure, 176 feet high, with a colossal seated statue of the prince under a magnificent canopy elabo rately sculptured and adorned; and the magnifi cent memorial to Queen Victoria (designed by Sir Thomas Brock and unveiled in 1911) with its beautiful surroundings in front of Bucking ham Palace. There is a statue of the Duke of Wellington in front of the Exchange, and a statue of Sir Robert Peel at the top of Cheap side. Statues of Sir Charles J. Napier, Sir Henry Havelock and General Gordon stand in Trafalgar square. On the Thames Embank ment, not far from the Temple, now stands the Egyptian obelisk known as Cleopatra's•Needle; and west of it are statues of Robert Raikes, the founder of Sunday schools, General Out ram, John Stuart Mill and others. In Water loo place is a memorial to the Guards who fell in the Crimea, and here is also a statue of Sir John Franklin. An equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington at Hyde Park Corner was erected in 1888. A monument to Sir Hugh Middleton, who brought the New River water to London, has been erected on Islington Green. Among other memorials are the Westminster Crimean Memorial, in the open space at the west of the Abbey; the Peabody statue behind the Royal Exchange; an equestrian statue of Prince Albert in Holborn Circus, a statue of Carlyle on Chelsea Embankment and of Lord Beaconsfield in Westminster Palace Yard.