Andres Bello (1781-1865), as both poet and prose writer of varied talents and accomplish ments, properly forms the connecting link be tween theprose and the poetical writers. Born in Venezuela he became the moving spirit in educational matters in Chile where he was soon recognized as the leader of the classical school of literature in his adopted country. Bello distinguished himself as a poet, Journalist, literary leader, educator and writer of school and other books. Grammar, philosophy, mathematics, education, juris prudence and international law were all handled by Bello in works of singular clearness and notable pedagogic construction. His position as president of the Unisersity of Chile increased his influence. Jose Joaquin de Mora (1784 1863), a naturalized Spaniard and a literary man of some ability, was the opponent of Bello in most of his educational and literary work, His 'Leyendas Espafiolas) had considerable in iluence upon the development of literature in Chile, The most notable woman writer of this period was Mercedes Marin de Solar (180a 66), a writer of occasional verses which have in i them the imagery, imagination and vision that make true poetry. Salvador Sanfuentes (1817 60), jurist, educator, statesman and literary man, was Bello's most noted pupil. Among his poetical works are 'El Campananario,' Juana de Napoles) (a drama), 'El Baudido,> "Inami,> 'Ricardo y Lucia) and (Teudo.' Sanfuentes has written exten sively and interestingly with a true sympathy with nature and a keen eye for her beauties. Jose Victorino Lastarria (1817 88), 'one of the prime factors the literary life of Chile in his age, wrote prose sketches, short stories, political essays And was the prime mover in the literary society and the Academia de Bellas Letras. His works include (Antall° y hogafio,"Recuerdos liter arios> and 'Lecciones de politica postiva.> The two sons of Andres Bello, Juan (1825-60) and Carlos (1815-54), both wrote and trans lated dramas and generally helped on the liter ary movement in Chile. Carlos Bello's drama, 'Los Amores del Poeta) was very successful as were several of the dramatic adaptations of his brother. One of the stoutest liberals among the Chilean literary men of the middle of the 19th century was Francisco Bilbao (1823-65). Sociologist, historian, journalist and poet, he showed talent in every field. His best prose work is 'Sociabilidad Chilena.> A friend and supporter of the literary and political ideas of Bilbao was Eusebio Lillo (1826-4910). Editor, poet and soldier, be wrote fervid patriotic po etry, some of which is still popular in Chile, among these being the 'Hirano national) and the ,'Hirano de Is igualdad.) Another active literary and political figure of this period was Isidore Errizuriz (1835-). He distinguished himself in the field of history, which deals alto gether with Chilean affairs. Guillermo Blest Gana (1829-1904) is a very subjective poet with decidedly romantic leanings. He has been called the poet of the home. Guillermo Mata is the most representative Chilian poet of the middle of the 19th century. He fitted his muse to political and national ends and he had ad mirers throughout Latin America. Among his extensive poetical publications are 'La mnjer misteriosa,> 'Un cuento endemoniado,> 'Cuen tos en verso,) and much heroic and historical poetry. Martin Jose Lira (1833-67), one of the best, nature poets of Chile, has made numerous translations from English into Spanish, among them Longfellow's 'Psalm of Life.) Luis Rodriguez Velasco, J. A. Soffia, Eduardo de la Barra, the brothers D. A. and J. A. Alemparte and a score of other writers contributed more or less to Chilean poetry.
Uruguay.— The peculiar formation of the great flat country along the Rio de la Plata and the close political and social relationship long existing between Uruguay and the Argentine have made it inevitable that their literatures should act and react upon one another. The constant revolutions in both countries have caused the exodus of literary men from one to the other and from the neighboring 'republics. The capitals of both republics have formed the hot-beds of revolutionary propaganda and the refuge of political exiles, many of whom were fired with the enthusiasm for political and social reforms each in his respective country. These conditions and circumstances have had an all •owerful influence upon the literature of both countries and in fact upon that of several other Latin-American republics, though probably upon none to such an extent as upon Argentina and Uruguay, many of the literary men of whom have had, at one time or another, to take refuge abroad from evils at home. To this latter class belonged Francisco Acufia de Figueroa (1790-1862). He was a strong partisan of Spanish interests in America and when the colonists rose up in rebellion during the Napoleonic troubles in Europe, he fought the battles of Spain right vigorously, using reason, appeals to patriotism, invective and satire. Naturally, on the success of the cause of the colonists, he had to leave the country, going to Brazil. After a while, he was per mitted to return and became most active, as a literary figure. His influence which was nation wide exerted its greatest power in Repub lican circles. Notwithstanding many public duties Acufia de Figueroa was a voluminous writer, his published works comprising 12 sub stantial volumes. In 'La Malambrunada,) one of the best-constructed and worked-out satires in the Spanish language, he ridicules the exag gerations and pretensions of the new school. In 'La Madre Africana> Acufia de Figueroa pleads for the abolishment of the African slave trade; and in others of his poems he displays a constant and intelligent interest in the great public questions of his day. Melchor Pacheco y Obes (1810-57) was, in a sense, a precursor of the Romantic school of literature. Pedro P. Bermildez (1816-60), a poet of some power, is noted for his lyrical drama (E1 Charrua,' which met with signal success on account of the sen timents it expresses, its sympathy with the na tive races and America as opposed to Spain. Adolfo Berro (1819-41), a still more determined .follower of the Romantic school, selects for his poems, for the most part, native subjects and incidents and he evolves his story with consid erable skill and marked interest. Juan Carlos
GOmez, a lyrical, romantic poet with strong sub jective and personal tendencies, madchis power felt in journalism and politics. He is intensely patriotic and he displays a fierce hatred of Bra zilian domination over his country. On this subject he devotes a long poem of six cantos, (Figueredo.) Alejandro Magarinos Cervantes (1825-93), diplomat, poet, dramatist and novel ist, is the most universal literary genius that Uruguay has produced. He early acquired lit erary fame not only at home but throughout Latin America and Spain. He published, dur ing his student days in Madrid, a novel of con siderable force and great promise, 'La estrella del stir) and two dramas, 'Amor y patria) and 'Percances matritnoniaIes,) which increased his reputation. When, at the age of 27, he pub lished his poem a striking legend of epic qualities, his name was already well known throughout Spain. Crowned with European laurels he returned to his native country at the age of 30. There during the rest of his life he retained the enthusiastic admiration of his countrymen who heaped favors upon him, among them being the position of rector of the national university and senator. Among his more notable works are 'Brisas del Plata' (1864), and 'Palmas y Ombiles) (1884), two volumes of poems of various kinds, all of which are marked by a choice of native sub jects, an intense love of his native landand the power of painting the life about him superior to that of any of his contemporaries or of his countrymen up to his day. Of his various novels, (Caramurti) is the best from the•point of view of construction and general develop ment. Francisco de Acha (1828-88), journal ist, poet, humorist and dramatist, wrote very good comedies, several of which were very suc cessful on the stage. He also edited a comic satirical paper, El Melinillo, which had a very wide circulation. Among his successful dramas, some in prose and others in verse, were 'aro mas caseras,' (Como impieza acaba,' 'La fusion' and victima de Rosas.> Heraclio Farjado (1833-70), poet and dramatist, was one of the most popular literary men in Uruguay in his day. He possessed considerable dramatic talent and wrote excellent shorter poems and odes. 'Arenas del Uruguay> contains most of his shorter poems; and his most noted longer poetical composition is 'La crux de Azabache.' For his ode on 'America y Colon' he won a gold medal in 1858. His best-known drama, (Camilla O'Gorman' (1836), was received with great enthusiasm, perhaps more oh account of its political references than because of the evident dramatic talent which it shows. Victor iano E. Montes (1848-) belonged to the group i of poets who delighted in depicting the life of the interior of the country after the manner of the gaucho poets. His best productions, which possess a very considerable warmth of feeling and action, are 'El Tambor de San Martin and (Tejedora de fianduti.' To this period be long two dramatists who were quite popular, Estenilaso Perez Nieto and Orosman Morato rio. The chief work of the former, 'Aparien cias y realidades,' has its scenes laid during the revolutionary period. Moratorio, in his dramas, successfully exploited the gaucho character, sur roundings and associations, working over popu lar legends and stories. His dramas are still occasionally presented. Washington P. Bermu dez (1847- ) came by his dramatic talent through family inheritance, his father being Pedro P. Bermfidez, already mentioned. He contributed fugitive verse to the periodicals; and became known as a writer of witty, satir ical and political poems, many of which were contributed to El Negro timoteo, a noted polit ical journal. He wrote many plays, the most successful of which was a historical drama, which is looked upon as one of the lit erary assets of the nation. Juan Zorilla de San Martin (1857- ), diplomat, lyrical and epic poet, and the leader and greatest representative of the Romantic movement in Uruguay, was educated in the University of Chile and there received the first inspiration in the Romantic literature which had then already taken hold on the Pacific coast. He took ardent sides with the struggle then going on between the older school and the new literary movement; and he began to write with enthusiasm and yet with great care. Inspired with the ambition of writ ing the great Latin-American narrative poem, be set to work on what proved to be the great est poem of its kind in Uruguayan literature. This, when published, bore the title of (•r bare,' the name of the hero of the story.. The poem, which consists of six cantos, sings, in beautiful lyrical verse, the love story of Tabare. half-breed Charru Indian, for Blanca, the sister of Don Gonzalo, the Spanish commander. The plot ends in a tragedy, which was in reality the only solution for the complications the author had created. Among the other works of San Martin are his famous 'La Leyenda Patria,' '-La epopeya de Artigas> and 'Resonancias .del Camino.' Luis Pifieyro del Campo (1858-) marks the passing of the Romantic movement into quasi-realism. He has written a great deal that is pleasing and often poetic, but little that is really lyrical or approaching poetical great ness. His (El Ultimo gaugho,> one of his long est poems, gives a pleasing picture of the past and its customs. 'Santiago Marciel (1867- ), at the age of 17, published a volinne of- poems which gave great promise of future achievement ((Auras primaverales'). His best-known long poem, 'Flor del trebol,' a tale of love, war and adventure, displays considerable poetic feeling and an appreciation of the beauties of nature. Among the other poets of Uruguay worthy of notice are Bernardo Prudencia Berro (1803-68), Enrique de Arrascaeta, Joaquin de Salterain, Antonio Lussich, Luis M. Lafinur, Jose del Busto, Victor Arreguine, Rafael Fragueiro and Carlos Roxlo. The latter, who is a poet of con siderable versatility, has written what is by far the best literary history of his country, (Histo ria critica de la literatura uraguaya' (1912). The same subject has been treated, but in i much less efficient and extensive manner, by Francisco Bauzfi, in his 'Estudios literarios' (1::5).