Pedagogical Educational li braries form a comparatively recent phase in the development of special libraries. The lar gest and most comprehensive, that of the Bureau of Education, was founded in 1868 and numbers about 150,000 volumes. With the establishment of teachers' colleges many special pedagogic libraries have come into being, the most important of which are that of the Teach ers' College (1887), affiliated with Columbia University (63,770 vols.) ; State Normal School of Indiana (Terre Haute, 1870; 70,926 vols.); State Normal School of Kansas (Emporia, 1865; 40,900 vols.) ; State Normal College of Michigan (Ypsilanti, 1852; 43,000 vols.); Southern Illinois State Normal University (Carbondale, 1869; 30,210 vols.) ; Chicago Nor mal College (1898; 25,000 vols.) ; Colorado State Teachers' College (44,800 vols.) ; School of Education, University of Chicago (35,000 vols.) ; Nebraska State Normal School (25,245 vols.) ; Peabody College for Teachers (Nash ville, Tenn., 35,000 vols.) ; Hampton Institute (44,962 vols.) ; Glenville Normal School (W. Va.; 42,000 vols.) ; Wisconsin State Normal (Milwaukee; 27,510 vols.). There are approx imately 208 normal school libraries in the United States.
Historical The majority of special historical libraries in America have been organized by historical societies, either regional, State or group. Many State libraries, in that they endeavor to collect local historical material, partake of the characteristics of spe cial historical libraries. Among these may be noted the Alabama State Department of Ar chives (100,000 vols.) ; Colorado State Library (40,000 vols.); California State Library vols.) ; New York State Library (449,542 vols.). Among the libraries whose collections cover the history of an area larger than a State may be mentioned the New Eng land Historical Genealogical Society (39,711 vols.); American Antiquarian Society (Wor cester, Mass.; 140,000 vols.). The State his torical societies, however, have been most as siduous in collecting and preserving local his torical material. Nearly every State has an active association of this nature and several possess very valuable collections, notably Kan sas (1875; 90,689 vols.); Maine (1822; 40,000 vols.); Maryland (1844; 45,399 vols.); Massa chusetts (1791; 56,000 vols.) • Minnesota (125, 000 vols.) Nebraska (53,000 vols.) - New Jer sey (30,000 vols.) • New York (130,866 vols.); Pennsylvania (202,000 vols.) ' • Rhode Island (90,000 vols.) • Virginia (15,300 vols.) ; Wis consin (376,000 vols.). A still more restricted phase is that of city historical societies, of which a number possess interesting collections, not ably the Chicago Historical Society (24,738 vols.); Buffalo, N. Y. (40,000 vols.); New Haven Colony (8,000 vols.) ; New York Genea logical and Biographical Society (15,000 vols.);
Essex Institute (Salem, Mass.; 115,856 vols.) • Newport (R. I.) Historical Society (8,000 vols.) ; Western Reserve (Cleveland, Ohio, Historical Society; 44,850 vols.). A collection of great importance to students of early Amer ican literature and American history is the John Carter Brown Library at Providence (25,000 vols.). There are other collections representing special groups and interests that partake of the nature of historical societies, such as the Hispanic Society of New York (82,461 vols.); the Pan-American Union (Co lumbus Memorial Library, Washington; 37,965 vols.) ; Congregational Society (Boston; 64, 561 vols.) ; the Presbyterian Historical Society (Philadelphia; 20,000 vols.) ; the Holland So ciety (New York; 6,500 vols.); National Soci ety of the Daughters of the Revolution (Wash ington; 6,693 vols.).
Scientific and Technical Libraries.- The tremendous advances made in pure and ap plied science during the 19th century have re sulted in the establishment of many scientific and technical libraries. The various activities of the national government has caused the lo cation of a number of these collections at Washington. The special libraries in Wash ington in the most cases have been developed in connection with scientific bureaus and de partments of the Federal government. In pure science may he noted the Library of the Bu reau of Standards (14,900 vols.) and the li brary of the Smithsonian Institution with its magnificent collection of the publications of learned institutions and scientific societies t (521,616 vols.). The Coast and Geodetic Sur vey has a collection of 25,000 volumes on geod esy, surveying, hydrography, etc.; the Geo logical Survey, 220,000 books and pamphlets on geology, mineralogy and palaeontology; and the Weather Bureau of 35,500 volumes and pamphlets on meteorology and climatology.
The Bureau of American Ethnology has a col lection of 33,430 items on ethnology, anthropol ogy and American aborigines; the Bureau of Fisheries, 29,155 volumes on fisheries, fish cul ture, etc.; the Department of Agriculture, 137, 700 volumes and pamphlets on agriculture, for estry, chemistry, botany, etc.; the Forest Serv ice, 18,852 items on forestry. In military and naval sciences the Army War College has 100, 000 items, Navy Department, 50,000, the United States Army Engineers' School, 45,115. Other collections on military and naval topics are at the United States Military Academy (West Point, N. Y.; 16,121 vols.) ; United States Naval Academy (Annapolis, Md.; 56,851 vols.); Coast Artillery School (Fortress Monroe, Va.; 28,034 vols.) ; Naval War College (Newport, R. I.; 21,000 vols. and pamphlets); Army Serv ice Schools (Fort Leavenworth, Kan.; 32,000 vols. and pamphlets).