McCAUSLAND'S RAID, an incursion of the Confederate general McCausland into Maryland and Pennsylvania, the chief incident of which was the burning of Chambersburg, Pa. General Early having defeated General Crook in the battle of Kernstown (q.v.), 24 July 1864, and driven him and Averell across the Potomac at Williamsport, ordered General McCausland with his brigade and that of Brad ley T. Johnson, with four guns, in all about 2,500 men, across the Potomac to raid Pennsyl vania and then move to Cumberland, Md., to destroy the machinery of the Cumberland coal pits and the repair shops, stations and bridges of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Early says he wished to open the eyes of the people of the North to the enormities of its armies, by an example in the way of retaliation, and that Chambersburg, Pa., was selected as the town on which retaliation should be made. The sum of $100,000 in gold, or $500,000 in currency was to be demanded of it, in default of which McCaus land was ordered to burn the town. Under cover of demonstrations at Williamsport and other points along the Potomac, McCausland crossed the river at McCoy's Ferry, near Clear Spring, above Williamsport, on the 29th, and made straight for Chambersburg, about 25 miles northeast. He met with but little opposition and., on the morning of the 30th, rode into the fated town and demanded the sum fixed by Early. It could not immediately be raised; he knew that General Averell was close upon him, and setting fire to the place, laying a greater part of it in ashes, he hastily marched westward to McConnellsburg and encamped. Averell, who was in Hagerstown when he heard that Mc Causland had crossed the Potomac, started in pursuit with about 2,600 cavalry, went through the burning town and, a few miles from Mc Connellsburg, struck McCausland's rear, divert ing him from his intended march on Bedford and forcing him back to the Potomac at Han cock, which was reached by noon of the 31st. Here McCausland formed for battle, but upon Averell's appearance and prompt attack he withdrew westward by the National road to Cumberland, where, 1 August, he found Gen eral Kelley to oppose him, whom he attacked in the afternoon, and skirmished until night, when he retreated toward Old Town, on the Potomac, leaving 30 of his killed and wounded on the field. At Old Town he forced a crossing at daylight 2 August, capturing or dispersing a regiment of new troops from Ohio, and then moved south into the valley of the south branch of the Potomac, by way of Springfield and Romney. From Romney, 4 August, he
moved on New Creek and attacked the garrison, but after a stubborn fight was repulsed, leaving 25 dead on the field, the Union loss being 36 killed and wounded. McCausland then with drew to near Moorefield, where the south fork joins the south branch of the Potomac, and considering himself safe from pursuit went into camp. Averell, who had remained at Hancock when McCausland drew off toward Cumber land, crossed the Potomac on the 4th, and, after a forced march through Bath, Springfield and Romney, before sunrise of the 7th surprised McCausland in his camp and routed him, cap turing his four guns, nearly all his wagons, several hundred horses, three battle-flags, many small arms and 420 prisoners, including 38 officers. McCausland's loss in killed and wounded was about 100. Averell's loss was 41 killed and wounded. McCausland's shattered command fled to the mountains and made its way in squads to the Shenandoah Valley, finally assembling at Mount Jackson. °This affair, says Early, *had a very damaging effect upon my cavalry for the rest of the campaign' Consult
Records) (Vols. XXXVII, XLIII); Pond, The 'Shenandoah Valley in 1864' ; Early,
Last Year of the War for
MacCHESNEY,
Clara T., American artist: b. Brownsville, Cal., 1861. She studied at the San Francisco Art School, at the Gotham Art School, New York, and at the Colarossi School in Paris. Her genre work has received favorable recognition. At the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 she was awarded two medals and she received the Dodge prize, New York, in 1894. Since then she has also received three medals from the Colarossi School, a gold medal from the Philadelphia Art Club and the second Hallgarten prize from the National Academy of Design, New York At the Paris Exposition of 1900 she exhibited 'Pomegranates) and
Old Blind Fiddler.> McCHESNEY, Dora Greenwell, Amer.. ican author: b. Chicago, 1 Oct. 1871. She was privately educated, chiefly by her mother, in whose company she traveled and read widely, making special acquaintance with German liter ature, Italian art and Roman antiquities, also becoming deeply interested in studying the Eng lish Civil War, with characters and incidents of which her writings largely have to do. Among these are 'Kathleen Clare, Her Book, 1637-1641' (1895) ; 'Miriam Cromwell, Royal ist: a Romance of the Great Rebellion) (1897);