MACEDONIA, mas-e-do'nI-3, an ancient monarchical territory now comprised in Serbia, Greece and (to a small extent) in Bulgaria, and prior to the War in the Balkans (1913) largely included in the Turkish vilayets or provinces of Monastir and Saloniki. It is inhabited by a turbulent heterogeneous population of Turks, Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbians, Wallachians, Al banians and Jews. Roughly it extends from the sanjak of Novi-Bazar in Serbia to Salon ika and from the borders of Albania to the meridian of Kavala in Greece. Its earliest name was Emathia, which remained the name of the district between the Haliacmon and the AXIUS, two rivers falling into the Thermaic Gulf, now the Gulf of Saloniki. This district was the earliest seat of the Macedonian mon archy. There was also an older form of the name Macedonia, namely, Macetia, whence the Macedonians were sometimes called Macetm, even after the name Macetia had come to be disused. In the time of Herodotus the name Macedonia was applied only to the district situated south and west of the Lydias, an other river Which falls into the Thermaic Gulf, and which flows between the two already men tioned. Philip of Macedonia extended his king dom as far as the Lake of Lychnitis, in Illyria, in the west, Mount Scardus and Mount Orbelus in the north (so as to include the whole of Pxonia), and the river Nestus on the north east. He added also the peninsula of Chal cidice. The part which he conquered from Thrace, lying between the Strymon and Nestus, was called Macedonia adjecta. The provinces of Macedonia were, in general, known by name before the time of Herodotus. In the time of Philip there were 19. Macedonia was inhabited by two different races — the Thracians, to whom belonged the Pwonians and Pelagonians, and the Illyrians. The language of the south ern Macedonians shows that there must have been a large admixture of Dorian settlers among them. Pliny speaks of 150 different tribes who dwelt here at an early period. They were divided into several small states, which were incessantly at war with the Thracians and Illy rians, till Philip and Alexander gave the as cendency to one, and made it the most power ful in the world. The first of these princes, who came to the throne in 359 a.c., taking ad
vantage of the strength of the country and the warlike disposition of its inhabitants, re duced Greece, which was distracted by inter necine broils, in the battle of Chwronea, 338 B.c. His son, Alexander, subdued Asia, and by an uninterrupted series of victories for 10 successive years made Macedonia in a short time the mistress of half the world. After his death this immense empire was divided. Mace donia received anew its ancient limits, and after several battles lost its dominion over Greece. The alliance of Philip V with Car thage during the Second Punic War gave occa sion to this catastrophe. The Romans delayed their revenge for a season; but when Hannibal was conquered they sent over T. Quintius Flaminius, who defeated Philip at the battle of (197 a.c.) and compelled him to sue for peace, which was only granted upon his agreeing to acknowledge the independence of Greece, to surrender his vessels, to reduce his army to 500 men and defray the expenses of the war. Perseus, the successor of Philip, having taken up arms against Rome, was totally defeated at Pydna by Paulus /Emilius, 168 Pc., and the Romans took possession of the country. Indignant at their acts of oppression, the Mace donian nobility and the whole nation rebelled under Andriscus. But after a long struggle they were overcome by Quintus Cmcilius Mace donicus ; the nobility were exiled, and the coun try became a Roman province, 148 B.C. As such it is mentioned in the New Testament, and Saint Paul's letters to the Thessalonians and Philippians are addressed to Macedonian Chris tians. In 395 A.D., after the dissolution of the Roman Empire, Macedonia became part of the Byzantine Empire. It came under Turkish domination in the 15th century. While the name has no modern territorial significance, it has come into considerable political promi nence in connection with the conflict of nation alities in European Turkey and the races of the Balkans Peninsula, among whom the only ob ject in common is a desire to throw off Turk ish rule, the Bulgarians there desiring to be governed from Sofia, the Serbians from Bel grade, the Greeks from Athene and the Turks by the Young Turk party when it shall be established in Constantinople.