MAORIS, ina'a-riz or mow'riz, native in habitants of New Zealand, a people of Polyne sian race, as is attested not only by ethnological considerations, but by their own legend that they came from Hawaiki (Hawaii or Samoa). Their carefully kept genealogies go back less than a score of generations, so that it seems probable that their coming to New Zealand was four or five centuries ago. Remains of a previous pop ulation with Papuan characteristics have been found. The Maoris are well built, with longer bodies and shorter legs than the European type; they have black hair, little whisker on the face, and smooth bodies, wide open, straight black eyes, heads slightly macrocephalic, the index being 77, nose straight and color slightly brown. Their costume, no doubt adopted only upon their coming to a colder country than their early home, was a loose garment, woven from the fibre of Formium tenax. Tattooing they brought with them to New Zealand and per fected it. They tattooed the face, decorating in this way the young warrior after his first suc cessful fight, and adding fresh designs for each new exploit They also knew how to make carvings of great delicacy, and armed them selves with stone weapons. Their religious be liefs were crude, but tinged with animism; they recognized the soul as distinct from the body and surviving, t; but connected an enemy's cun ning and bravery so closely with his dead body that they ate it, thus to win his warlike virtues, locating intelligence in the brain and courage in the heart. Their worship combined ancestral cult with deification of natural forces and some fetishism. They were divided into tribes, six of these representing the divisions among the original settlers. A warlike people, their chief had absolute power and could pronounce or taboo (q.v.) at will. Before the coming of the English they were mostly vegetarian, caught some fish, lived in bark or bough huts and made canoes. Polygamy was practised, and the arikir or priest-chieftains acted as physicians, having some knowledge of herbs. Both their numbers and physique have suffered sadly since the in troduction of civilization. For the history of the Maoris since British occupation (see NEW ZEALAND, Government and History). Consult Cowan, James, The Maoris of New Zealand' (in (Makers of Australasia' Melbourne 1910) ; Beel, J. N., of Maoriland' (Lon
don 1914).
MAP, or MAPES, maps, Walter, English scholar and poet of the 12th century. He was probably a native of Herefordshire. He studied at the University of Paris and became a favor ite at the court of Henry II. He attended the Lateran Council of 1179, and was appointed archdeacon of Oxford in 1197. Map is now generally believed to have been probably author, or in large part, author of 'Lancelot' in the Arthurian cycle. It is extremely probable, at any rate, that Map did contribute to the bring ing of the cycle into its present state, but it is uncertain to what extent his work has survived. He is undoubtedly the author of a curious book 'De Nugis Curialium,' a notebook of the events of the day and of court gossip. It was edited for the Camden Society in 1850 by Thomas Wright. To Map is attributed the famous drinking-song 'beginning: " Meant est propositum in taberna more MAP. The term map is derived from the Latin word nmappa," meaning a napkin. Dur ing the Middle Ages the name signifying world napkin, was applied to geo graphical representations of the world on ac count of the fact that the maps made during that period, at least, were painted on cloth.
The object of maps and charts is to accu rately exhibit to the eye by suitable methods of representation, on a reduced scale, and on a plane surface, the relative position of points, lines and other objects situated on the spherical surface of the earth. As commonly used the term chart is synonymous with map, but the former is usually applied to navigators' maps relating to the sea rather than the land; also to diagrams delineating the positions of the stars in the celestial vault, and to the mapping of hydrographic data; while the term map is almost exclusively applied to representations of the surface of the earth. For example, there are the ((star charts') compiled and published by the various observatories, the ((maps* of the United States Geological Survey, which repre sent the land areas, and the 'charts" of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, which show the depths of the waters along the coast line of the United States.