MARX, marks, Karl, German Socialist: b. Treves, 5 May 1818; d. London, 14 March 1883. He was educated at the universities of Bonn and Berlin, and in 1842 took up journal ism, becoming editor of the Rheinische Zeitung, a Democratic journal; his socialistic articles in this paper caused its suppression in 1843. Marx then proceeded to Paris, where he became one of the editors of the Deutsch-Fransosische Jahrbiicher, to which he contributed articles on the °Hegelian Philosophy of Right." He was expelled from France in 1845, and retired to Brussels, where he assisted in organizing the German Workingmen's Association, was also active in the organization of the Communist League, and with Engels issued the famous Communist Manifesto in 1847, which was the first public declaration of international Social ism. In 1848 Marx returned to Germany, started the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, and was i active the revolutionary movements of that year Banished from Germany in 1849, he went first to Paris, then to London, where he lived till the time of his death. He devoted himself largely to the study of economic questions, and was correspondent of the New York Tribune and, other papers. In 1864 he took a leading part in the organization of the International Workingmen's Association (q.v.), was selected to formulate its program and practically shaped its policy for a number of years; he was also interested in the organization of the German Social Democrats who united with the Interna tional in 1869. After 1873 he took no active part in politics, but devoted his time to the ,completion of his work on capitalism, 'Das KapitaP the first volume of which had been published in 1867 (English trans. 1886); the second and third volumes were left in manuscripts, and volume II was pub lished in 1885; volume III in 1894, under the editorship of Engel. He also wrote 'Zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie (1859) ; belt and Kapital' (English trans., 'Wage Labor and Capital') ; de la Philoso phic' (1847) ; 'The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte' (1852) ; 'Life of Lord Palmerston> (1850), and 'Revolution and Counter-Revolu tion,' a reprint of a series of letters in the New York Tribune, in regard to the Revolution of 1848 in Germany.
Marx was undoubtedly the founder of the modern socialistic school, in that he first gave definite scientific statement to the principles of modern Socialism. His greatest and best-known work, 'Das Kapital,> is a monument of acute reasoning, extensive reading and knowledge, though excessively long, obscure and tortuous in its meanings. In this he analyzes carefully his theory of value, which is that the measure of the value of a commodity is the amount of labor asocially necessary" to produce it, and shows how under the capitalistic system the laborers are exploited of what they produce over and above their wages (surplus value). These theories were by no means new, though Marx rather confused than elucidated them. He also traces the development of capitalistic production, the growth of the working class or proletariat which is finally to transform or revo lutionize society, and lays down the principle that the fundamental factor in the development of society is the method of production and ex change; hence the Socialist movement must simply assist and hasten the changes in progress. Marx was not only a scholar and •thinker, but an organizer and agitator of unusual power. (See Sociatism). Consult Aveling, 'The Stu dent's Marx) (London 1892) ; Deville, 'The People's Marx,' for epitomes of 'Capital.' Consult also Bohm-Bawerk, 'Karl Marx and the Close of His System' (New York 1898) ; Boudin, L. B., 'Theoretical System of Karl Marx in Light of Recent Criticism' (Chicago 1907); Croce, B., 'Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx' (New York 1914); Spargo, John, 'Karl Marx, His Life and Work' (ib. 1910) ; id., 'Sidelight on Contempo rary Socialism' (ib. 1911).