MARY I, queen of England, known popu larly as "Bloody Queen Mary)) : b. London, 18 Feb. 1516; d. there, 17 Nov. 1558. She was a daughter of Henry VIII. After the death of her mother, Catharine of Aragon, she was de clared illegitimate; but was restored to the succession in 1544. She was bred by her mother in the Roman Catholic faith, on which account she was treated with rigor under Edward VI. She ascended the throne 16 July 1553, after an abortive attempt to set her aside in favor of Lady Jane Grey (q.v.). One of her first meas ures was the reinstatement of the Roman Catholic prelates superseded in the late reign. Her marriage to Philip II of Spain, united as It was with a complete restoration of the Catho lic worship, produced much discontent. Insur rections broke out under Cave in Devon shire, and Sir Thomas Wyatt in Kent, which although suppressed, formed sufficient excuses for the imprisonment of the Princess Eliza beth in the Tower and the execution of Lady Jane Grey and her husband, Lord Guilford Dudley. England was now formally declared to
be reconciled to the Pope; the original laws against heretics were revived, and about 200 perished at the stake, including Cranmer, Lati mer and Ridley (qq.v.). Under Philip's in fluence a war began with France, which ended in the loss of Calais in 1558, after it had been in the hands of the English for above 200 years. This disgrace told acutely upon Mary's already disordered health, and she died after a reign of five years. Consult the (Life) by Strickland in 'Lives of the Queens of England) (new ed., 1864-65) ; Lingard, John, of England) (6th ed., London 1855) ; Fronde, 'History of England); id., 'The Reign of Mary Tudor' (New York 1910) • Stone, J., 'Mary I, Queen of England) ,• Mullinger, J. B., 'Philip and Mary) (in (Cambridge Modern History,' Vol.
II, Cambridge 1904) • Hume, Martin, 'Two English Queens and Philip' (New York 1908).