MARYLAND CAMPAIGN OF SEP TEMBER 1862. The Union army under Gen eral Pope having been defeated and driven to the defenses of Washington, General Lee, 3 Sept. 1862, marched from Chantilly for Lees burg. At the end of the first day's march Lee wrote to Jefferson Davis that the time seemed propritious "for the Confederate army to enter Maryland° and give her material aid in the re covery of her liberties. The next day he reached Leesburg, and again wrote that he was fully persuaded of the benefit that would result from an expedition into Maryland, and should proceed at once to make the movement, unless it was disapproved; also that he proposed to enter Pennsylvania, unless it should be deemed unadvisable upon political or other grounds. Without waiting for a reply to his two com munications he crossed the Potomac at White's Ford, near Leesburg, on the 4th, 5th and 6th, with an army of over 60,000 men, and marched to Frederick, Md., where, on the 8th, he sug gested to President Davis that the position of affairs "placed it in the power of the govern ment of the Confederate States to propose with propriety to that of the United States the rec ognition of our independence.° On the same day he issued an address to the people of Maryland, stating his mission among them and that he was prepared to assist them in regain ing the rights of which they had been despoiled. When Lee entered Maryland east of the Blue Ridge he took it for granted that the Union, garrison at Harper's Ferry would be with drawn, thus opening his line of communication through the Shenandoah Valley. This was not done, and it became necessary to dislodge the garrison from that post before concentrating the Confederate army west of the Blue Ridge, and Lee came to the decision to divide his army and capture the Union forces at Martinsburg and Harper's Ferry. On the morning of the 10th his army was put in motion from Fred erick Walker's division of two brigades crossed the Potomac at Point of Rocks, south of Harper's Ferry, and on the morning of the 13th established itself on Loudoun Heieits; Jackson, with 14 brigades, marched over South Mountain at Turner's Gap, crossed the Poto mac at Williamsport on the llthrove General H White from Martinsburg into Harper's Ferry (q.v.), and at noon of the 13th appeared before Bolivar Heights and invested Harper's Ferry from the Virginia side of the Potomac. Mc Laws, with 10 brigades, marched over Browns ville Gap of the South Mountain, crossed Pleas ant Valley and on the evening of the 13th was in full possession of Maryland Heights (q.v.), thus completing the investment of Harper's Ferry and its garrison of over 12,000 men. General Lee, with nine brigades of Longstreet's command and D. H. Hill's division of five brigades, followed Jackson over South Moun tain, leaving Hill near Boonsboro to support Stuart's cavalry, which had been left east of the Blue Ridge. Lee, with Longstreet, moved to Hagerstown, there to await the capture of Harper's Ferry, and then to concentrate his army for a movement into Pennsylvania, the capture of Harrisburg and the destruction of the long railroad bridge over the Susquehanna. Meanwhile General McClellan, who had been placed in command of the Union troops for the defense of Washington, took the field at the head of over 87,000 men, and marched against Lee. His army, spread out like a great fan, its left on the Potomac and its right on the Balti more and Ohio Railroad, cautiously advanced on Frederick, which was occupied on the 12th, and here McClellan found a copy of Lee's orders showing the disposition of his scattered command. Tardy pursuit began; on the morn
ing of the 13th Franklin's Sixth corps and Couch's division were put in motion to tarry Crampton's Gap, in South Mountain, and re lieve the garrison in Harper's Ferry, while McClellan, with the rest of the army, marched for Turner's Gap, six miles north of Cramp ton's, to cross the South Mountain and attack Lee. Franklin defeated the Confedefates at Crampton's Gap on the 14th and, passing into Pleasant Valley, interposed between McLaws and Lee. Burnside, with the First and Ninth corps, attacked D. H. Hill at Turner's Gap and Fox's Gap the same day, Lee retraced his steps from Hagerstown to reinforce Hill, but when night came Lee had suffered defeat. He now abandoned his intention of invading Pennsyl vania, ordered McLaws to elude Franklin and recross the Potomac somewhere south of Shep herdstown Ford, and at 10 o'clock that night put his own command in motion to recross the Potomac at Shepherdstown Ford, at the same time sending an order to Jackson to march from his investment of Harper's Ferry up the south side of the Potomac to Shepherdstown and cover the crossing. He crossed the An tietam in the morning of the 15th, where he hoped that McLaws might join him, but Frank lin confined McLaws in Pleasant Valley. At noon he heard that Jackson had captured Harper's Ferry, whereupon he concluded not to retreat across the Potomac, but to give battle to McClellan on the heights and banks of the Antietam, and orderedJackson to join him as soon as possible. McClellan followed Lee on the morning of the 15th, defeated Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry brigade in die streets of Boons boro, and in the evening reached the banks of the Antietam to see Lee's army drawn up on the heights beyond. Franklin was left in Pleasant Valley to watch McLaws and relieve Harper's Ferry. Jackson joined Lee on the morning of the 16th, bringing Walker's division with him ; McLaws eluded Franklin, passed out of Pleasant Valley and through Harper's Ferry,' and joined Lee very early in the morning of the 17th. The battle of Antietam (q.v.) or Sharpsburg, the bloodiest one-day battle of the war, was fought on the 17th; both armies re mained inactive on the 18th, and that night Lee recrossed the Potomac at Shepherdstown Ford. McClellan followed on the morning of the 19th to the banks of the Potomac. On the 20th a part of Fitz-John Potter's Fifth corps crossed the Potomac at Shepherdstown Ford (q.v.), and was attacked and driven back across the river with great loss. This ended the campaign. From the beginning of the cam-. paign to its close, 5-20 September, the Union losses, including Harper's Ferry and Maryland Heights, were 2,671 killed, 11,766 wounded and 13,542 captured or missing, an aggregate of 27979. The Confederate losses were 1,979 killed, 9,607 wounded and 2,336 captured or missing, an aggregate of 13,922. The results' of the campaign were momentous and reaching; the Confederate cause lost prestige and the National cause brightened. Recogni tion of Confederate independence by Great' Britain and France, about to be granted, was withheld, and 22 Septernber Abraham Lincoln issued his preliminary proclamation of emanci4 pation. Consult (Official Records' (Vol. XIX); (McClellan's Own Story); Michie, 'Life of Gen. McClellan' ; Palfrey, 'The Antietam and Fredericksburg); Allan, 'His tory of the Army of Northern Virginia); Walker, (History of the Second Army Corps); Long, (Life of General Lee); Fitzhugh Lee, (Life of General Lee) • Cooke, (Life of Stone wall Jackson); The Century Company's ties and Leaders of the Civil War' (Vol. II).