MASSASSAUGA, mas-a-sa'ga, the ground rattlesnake of the central United States. See RATTLESNAKE.
mAsstNA, Andre, an-dra ma-sa-nii, mar shal of France: b. Leven near Nice, France, May 1758; d. 4 April 1817. In 1775 he en tered the French army and after 14 years' serv ice left the army and returned to Nice, where he married. During the Revolution he entered a battalion of volunteers, and in 1793 was made general of brigade. In 1794 he took command of the right wing of the French army in Italy, where, at Rivoli and elsewhere, he highly dis tinguished himself. In 1799 he defeated the Austrian and Russian forces at Zurich, and in 1800, by his defense of Genoa for three months, gave Bonaparte time to strike successfully at Marengo. In 1804 he was created marshal of the empire. In 1805 he received the chief com mand in Italy, where after the Peace of Pres burg he occupied the kingdom of Naples. In 1807 he was given the command of the right wing of the French army in Poland, and soon after received the title of Duke of Rivoli. In
1809 he distinguished himself against the Aus trians, and at Esslingen his constancy and firm ness saved the French army from total de struction. Napoleon rewarded him with the, dignity of Prince of Esslingen. In 1810 he took command of the army in Portugal, and forced Wellington within the lines of Torres, Vedras, till want of provisions compelled Mas sena to retire. In 1814 he was made a peer by Louis XVIII, and though on the return of the emperor he acknowledged his authority, took no active part in the events of the Hundred Days. Consult his (Memoires,> edited by Koch (7 vols., Paris 1848-50); Fitzmaurice, G., (Mas sena> (in Royal United Service Association Journal, Vol. LVII, London 1913); Gachat, Edouard, (Histoire militaire de (Paris 1908) ; Toselli, 'Notice biographique Massina> (Nice 1869).