Master Builder
Master Builder, The. The Tendency Toward Symbolism, To Be Observed In The Early Romantic Works Of Ibsen, And Occasionally In His Dramas Of Social Awakening, Becomes Dominant In
Mastodon
Mastodon, A Genius Of Fossil Probo Scidians Of The Elephant Family, Whose Remains Are Found In All Parts Of The World In Tertiary Formations From Miocene Time Onward To The Dawn Of The Present Era. Although In Size And External Appearance The Larger Mastodons Much Resembled Modern Elephants, Save That, ...
Masturbation
Masturbation. The Limited, Restricted Dictionary Definition Is Self-abuse, That Is, Gen Ital Manipulation By The Hands, Clothing, Bed Clothes, By Riding, By Hard Objects And By Pres Sure Of Things Against The Genitals, Etc. Re Garded In Its Broader Aspect Of An Autoerotic Reaction To External Reality It Covers A ...
Masudi
Masudi (abu-1 Hasan 'ali Ibn Husain Ibn 'ali Ul-maeudi), Arabic Geographer And Historian: B. Bagdad, Near The Close Of The 9th Century; D. Fostat, About 956 A.d. Receiving A Good Education He Set Out To Study The History, Manner Of Life, Customs, Etc., Of Every Land At First Hand. This ...
Masurenland
Masurenland, East Prussia A Lake Lotted District Around Lyck, Lfitzen, Sensburg, Ortelsburg, Neidenburg, Oletzka, Osterode, Rossel And Allanstein. It Is Marked By Rolling Hills, Divided By Hundreds Of Lakes, Many Of Which Are Joined Together By Long Narrow Chan Nels. Mauer And Spirding Are The Most Im Portant And Largest ...
Match Industry
Match Industry. It Was Nearly Mo Years After The Discovery Of Phosphorus By An Arab, Named Bechel, That It Was Found Possible To Obtain A Light In A Short Time By The Friction Of Phosphorus And Sulphur. This Discovery Was Made And First Applied Commercially In The Lat Ter Part ...
Mate
Mate, An Officer In The Mercantile Marine Who Acts As The Assistant Of The Captain Or Master. There Are Four Grades — First, Second, Third And Fourth Mate. The Junior Mate Has Usually The Superintendence Of The Stowing Of The Vessel. The Law Recognizes Only Two Classes Of Persons In ...
Materia Medica
Materia Medica (lat. Mat Tee), That Division Or Branch Of Medical Sci Ence Which Treats Of Drugs, Their Origin, Classifi Cation As Natural Products, Preparation, Purifi Cation, Action On The Animal Economy, Together With The Mode Of Administering Them For The Relief And Cure Of Disease. The Action Of The ...
Materialism
Materialism, The Philosophical Theory That Everything Which Exists Is Ultimately Mate Rial In Nature, Or That Whatever Is Real Can Be Derived And Explained In Accordance With The Laws Of Material Phenomena. This, Of Course, Carries With It A Denial Of The Reality Of Any Finite Or Infinite Spirit As ...
Mathematical Signs And Sym
Mathematical Signs And Sym Bols, In Mathematics, A Symbol Employed To Denote An Operation To Be Performed, To Show The Nature Of A Result Of Some Previous Opera Tion, Or To Indicate The Sense In Which An Indicated Quantity Is To Be Considered. The Present Mathematical Symbolism Is Due To ...
Mathematical Societies And Journals
Mathematical Societies And Journals. The Oldest Of The Sciences, Mathematics Has Always Been Cultivated And Fostered, Often With A Degree Of Preferment Over The Later Branches Of The Tree Of Knowl Edge, By The Universities, The Great Academies And The Other Scientific Bodies Of A General Scope Throughout The Ciyilizedrokorld. ...
Mathematics
Mathematics. The Science Of Mathe Matics— What Shall It Be Said To Be? A Ques Tion Much Discussed By Philosophers And Mathe Maticians In The Course Of More Than 2,000 Years, And Especially With Deepened Interest And Insight In Our Own Times. Many Have Been The Answers, But None Has ...
Mather
Mather, Mit'h'er, Cotton, American Colonial Clergyman, Son Of Increase Mather (q.v.) : B. Boston, 12 Feb. 1663; D. There, 13 Feb. 1728. He Entered Harvard College At 11, And At His Graduation In 1678 President Oakes Ex Pressed His Expectation That He Would Resemble His Venerable Grandfathers, John Cotton And ...
Mather_2
Mather, Increase, American Colonial Divine, Son Of Richard Mather (q.v.) : B. Dor Chester, Mass., 21 June 1639; D. Boston, 23 Aug. 1723. He Was Graduated At Harvard College In 1656, And In 1658 At Trinity College, Dublin. He Afterward Preached In Devonshire And The Island Of Guernsey, And On ...
Mathews
Mathews, Shailer, American Educator: B. Portland, Me., 26 May 1863. He Was Grad Uated From Newton Theological Institution In 1887 And Studied In Berlin. In 1887 He Was Ap Pointed Assistant Professor Of Rhetoric At Colby University And In 1889 Accepted The Chair Of History And Political Economy, Which He ...
Matsudaira Shungaku
Matsudaira Shungaku, Digh-rah Shoon'gah-ku, Champion, During Jajan's Hermit Days, Of Western Civilization And Of Friendship With The United States: B. Yedo, 11 Oct. 1828; D. Tokio, 1880. Adopted At 10 Years Of Age By Matsudaira, Baron Of Echizen, At 21 He Began Sweeping And Con Structive Reforms, Introducing Modern Military, ...
Matter
Matter, In Physics, Mechanics And Chem Istry, The Tangible Substance Of Which The World External To Our Minds Is Composed And Which Is Characterized By The Resistance Which It Opposes To Muscular Exerted Upon It. Since We Can Know It Only Through The Mediation Of Our Senses, Its Actual Objective ...
Matthew
Matthew. Matthew, The Apostle Of Jesus Christ, Is With Sufficient Certainty Iden Tified With Levi, The Son Of Alphaeus, Whose Call By Jesus To Discipleship Is Described In Mark And Luke In Terms Practically Identical With A Story Of The Call Of Matthew In Matthew. It Was Not Uncommon Among ...
Matthew
Matthew, Gospel According To. The Gospel With Which The Name Of Matthew Has Uniformly Been Associated Has With Almost Equal Uniformity Stood First In The Gospel Canon. It Received This Place Both Because It Is The Longest Of The Gospels And Because Of The Apostolic Authority Which The Name Of ...
Matthews
Matthews, (james) Brander, Amer Ican Author: B. New Orleans, La., 21 Feb. 1852. He Was Graduated From Columbia In 1871 And From The Columbia Law School In 1873, He Was Admitted To The New York Bar (1873), Began To Contribute To The Magazines In 1873, Later Turned Wholly To Literature ...
Matting
Matting. While This Term Is Usually Employed To Designate Floor Coverings Made From Reeds And Fibrous Grasses, It Is A Generic Term Which Includes Not Only The Commercial Mattings For House Floors, Which Are Made In Eastern Countries, But A Much Wider Range Of Articles Useful In The Domestic Economy ...
Maud
Maud. Tennyson Called (maud) A °mono Drarna,)) A Drama Told In A Series Of Lyric Solilo Quies. His Explanation Of Its Unique Form Is This: °the Peculiarity Of This Poem Is That Dif Ferent Phases Of Passion In One Person Take The Place Of Different Characters.) To Tell The Story ...
Maude
Maude, Sia Stanley, English Soldier, Commander Of The British Expeditionary Force In Mesopotamia 1916-17. He Was Born In 1864, Entered The Army At The Age Of 20 And Saw His First Active Service In The Egyptian Campaign Of 1885. He Fought In Several Battles In The South African War And ...
Maunoury
Maunoury, Michel Joseph, French Soldier: B. Maintenon, Eure-et-loir, 17 Dec. 1847. He Received His Education At The Ficole Polytechnique, Paris; First Saw Active Service As Second Lieutenant In The Franco-prussian War Of 1870-71. In That Conflict He Was Wounded At Champigny. His Professional Studies Were Pur Sued At The Ecole ...
Maupassant
Maupassant, Henri Rene Albert Guy De, On-re Re-na 5.1-bar Go De Mo-pa-san, French Novelist: B. Chateau Seine-inferi Eure, France, 5 Aug. 1850; D. Parts, 6 July 1893. He Began His Career As A Clerk In The Navy Department In Paris And Also Served For A Time In The French Army ...
Maurice
Maurice, Ma'ris (john), Frederic Den Ison, English Anglican Theologian And Author, One Of The Leaders Of The Broad Church Move Ment: B. Normanston, Suffolk, 29 Aug. 1805; D. Cambridge, 1 April 1872. He Was Son Of A Unitarian Clergyman; Was Educated At Trinity Hall, Cambridge; Settled In London, Where He ...
Maury
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, American Naval Officer And Hydrographer: B. In Spottsyl Vania County, Va., 14 Jan. 1806; D. Lexington. Va., 1 Feb. 1873. He Studied At The Harpeth Academy In Tennessee, And Entered The United States Navy In 1825. During A Voyage Around The World In The Vincennes He Began ...
Mausoleum
Mausoleum (greek, Nuntsoleion), A Tomb Or Burial Place, The Name Of Which Is De Rived From Mausolus, A King Of Caria, To Whom A Sumptuous Sepulchre Was Raised By His Wife, Artemisia, At Halicarnassus. King Mausolus Died 353 Ac.; And His Wife Was So Disconsolate That She Perpetuated His Memory ...
Mauthner
Mauthner, Mout'ner, Fritz, German Novelist And Philologist: B. Horzitz. Bohemia, 29 Nov. 1849 Of Well-to-do Jewish Family; Went To Prague At An Early Age, Studied Law There And Became A Contributor (1876) Of The Berliner Tageblatt For Which He Continued Writ Ing In Various Departments (particularly Dra Matic Criticism) Until ...
Maxim
Maxim, Hudson, American Inventor And Engineer: B. Orneville, Me., 3 Feb. 1853. He Received An Academic Education With Especial Reference To The Natural Sciences And Engineer Ing, Then Took Up The Study Of Medicine; En Tered The Printing And Subscription Book Pub Lishing Business At Pittsfield, Mass., In 1883, But ...
Maxima And Minima
Maxima And Minima. The Maxima And Minima Of A Function F(x) Are The Points Of The Curve Where Y Is Larger Or Smaller, Respectively, Than For Any Value Of X Differing From The Value At That Point By Less Than Some Finite Number. According To This Definition, A Curve May ...
Maximilian
Maximilian, Emperor Of Mexico, Known In Earlier Life As Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, Archduke Of Austria: B. Vienna, 6 July 1832; D. Queretaro, Mexico, 19 June 1867. He Was The Younger Brother Of Francis Joseph I, Emperor Of Austria (q.v.). He Entered The Austrian Navy In 1846, And In 1854 Obtained ...
Maxims
Maxims. The 'maxims' Of La Roche Foucauld Furrifh He Most Famous Body Of Ex Amples Of That Po''zhed And Studied Condensa Tion Of Expression To Epigrammatic Sparkle And Brilliance In H?ch The French So Delight And So Excel, And Of Which The (pensees) Of Pascal, The 'caracteres) Of La Bruyere ...
Maxwell
Maxwell, James Scottish Natu Ral Philosopher: B. Edinburgh, 13 Nov. 1831; D. Cambridge, England, 5 Nov. 1879. He Was Edu Cated At Edinburgh And At Trinity College, Cam Bridge, And In 1856 Was Appointed Professor Of Natural Philosophy In The Marischal College, Aberdeen, And Held That Office Till Its Amalgama ...
Maxwell
Maxwell, William Henry, Ican Educator: B. Stewartstown, Tyrone, Ire Land, 5 March 1852. He Was Graduated At Gal Way Queen's College In 1872, And Two Years Later Received The Degree Of A.m. In 1874 He Came To The United States. After Eight Years As Teacher In Brooklyn He Became Assistant ...
May Day
May Day, Popular Name Of The First Day Of The Month Of May, On Which From A Very Early Period General Festivities Took Place. May Has Generally Been Regarded As A Time For Glad Ness. The Outbreak Into New Life And Beauty Which Marks Nature Instinctively Excites. The First Emotion ...
Maya
Maya, Ma' Ya", The Ruling Race Of Yucatan At The Time Of The Discovery Of America And For Many Years Previous. Where They Came From Is Uncertain; But That They Invaded The Peninsula From Two Different Directions Is As Serted In Various Of Their Traditions. This Probably Means That The ...
Mayapan
Mayapan, The Ancient Capital Of The Maya Kingdom In Yucatan. According To Tradi Tion It Was Founded By Zamna, The Ancient Highpriest, Ruler And Culture Deity Of The Mayas. Zamna Divided The Maya Kingdom Among His Leaders Whose Descendants Formed The Maya Nobility Of Yucatan. In Later Days The Tutul ...
Mayer
Mayer, Mar, Julius Robert Von, Ger Man Physicist: B. Heilbronn, Wiirtemberg, 25 Nov. 1814; D. There, 20 March 1878. He Was Educated At The Gymnasium In Heilbronn, Studied Medicine At Tubingen And Finished His University Studies At Munich And Paris. In 1840 He Went To Java As A Ship's Surgeon, ...
Mayo
Mayo, Charles Horace, American Sur Geon: B. Rochester, Minn., 19 July 1865. He Was Educated At The Rochester High School, Northwestern University, And In Was Grad Uated In Medicine At The Chicago Medical Col Lege. In The Same Year He Entered On The Prac Tice Of Medicine At Rochester, Where ...
Mayo_2
Mayo, William James, American Sur Geon: B. Le Sueur, Minn., 29 June 1861. He Is A Brother Of Charles Horace Mayo (q.v.). Was Educated At Rochester High School And Niles Academy And Received His Professional Training At The University Of Michigan, Where He Was Graduated In 1883. Thereafter He Prac ...
Mayor Of Zalamea
Mayor Of Zalamea, The (aei Al Calde De Two Spanish Plays Bear This Title, The First By Lope De Vega (1562 1635), The Second, An Adaptation, By Calderon De La Barca (1600-81). The Superiority Of The Adaptation Over The Original Is Admitted By All Critics. A Comparison Of The Two ...
Mazarin
Mazarin, Jules, Or Giulio Maza Rini, French Cardinal And Minister Of Louis Xiii, Anne Of Austria And Louis Xiv : B. Pis Cina, In The Abruzzi, Italy, 14 July 1602; D. Vincennes, 9 March 1661. He Came Of A Si Cilian Family, His Father Being Intendant Of Philip Colonna. The ...
Mazzini
Mazzini, Giuseppe, Italian Patriot: B. Genoa, 22 June 1805; D. Pisa, 10 March 1872. He Studied Law At The University Of Genoa And Practised His Profession For A Time, But The Strong Liberal Opinions He Had Imbibed As A Child And His Conviction That The Oppressed Con Dition Of His ...
Mccrea
Mccrea, Ma-kra', Jane, American Revo Lutionary Heroine: B. Bedminster (now Laming Ton), N. J., 1753; D. Near Fort Edward, N. Y., 27 July 1777. She Was The Daughter Of A Scotch Presbyterian Clergyman, At Whose Death She Went To Live With Her Brother Near Fort Ed Ward, N. Y. At ...
Meade
Meade, George Gordon, American Sol Dier: B. Cadiz, Spain, 31 Dec. 1813; D. Phila Delphia, 6 Nov. 1872. In 1835 He Was Gradu Ated From The United States Military Academy And Assigned To The 3d Artillery In 1835-36 Served In The Seminole War In Florida, On 26 Oct. 1836 Resigned ...
Meadow
Meadow, Making And Care Of. Mead Ows May Be Divided Into General Groups Which Will Depend Upon Location, Duration And Pur Pose, And Their Treatment Will Vary With Each Of These Factors. Meadows Located Upon Low Ground, Which May Be Inundated, Or Which Is Constantly Moist, Usually Consist Of Grasses ...
Meadville
Meadville, Med'vil, Pa., City And County-seat Of Crawford County, On French Creek And On The Erie And A Branch Of The Pittsburgh, Bessemer And Lake Erie Railroads, About 90 Miles North Of Pittsburgh And 30 Miles South Of Erie. The First Settlement Was Made In May 1788 By David Mead ...
Meagher
Meagher, Miller, Thomas Francis, Irish-american Soldier: B. Waterford, Ireland. 3 Aug. 1823; D. Near Fort Benton, Mont., 1 July 1867. He Was Educated At The Jesuit College, Clongowes Wood, Kildare, And At Stonyhurst College (near Preston), England; Became One Of The Principal Orators Of The Young Ireland Party, Which Aimed ...
Mean Value
Mean Value. If N Quantities Are Com Mensurable, The Sum Of Their Units Divided By N, The Number Of The Quantities, Is The Arith Metical Mean And Is The Mean Value Of The Is Quantities When Their Number Is Finite. For Example, If The Number Of Units In Three Quan ...
Meaning
Meaning, The Object Of A Symbolization, Considered From The Standpoint Of The Symbol. Thus The Meaning Of The Figure 2 Is The Number Two, The Meaning Of The Formula (x + Y)'= + 2xy Is The Law That Formula Represents, And So On Indefinitely.the Experiences Which We Undergo Possess Besides ...
Measles
Measles (also Called Ritheola And Mor Mu), A Contagious Eruptive Disease, Fre Quently Epidemic, And Sometimes Dangerous Be Cause Of Its Debilitating Effects And Tendency To End In Inflammation Of Mucous Membranes, Such As Pneumonia And Enteritis. So-called Black Or Malignant Measles, Occurring Mostly In Persons Of Very Poor Health, ...
Measure
Measure, A Definite Unit Of Capacity Or Extent, Fixed By Law Or Custom, By Which Rela Tive Sizes And Capacities Are Ascertained And Expressed; As, A Yard, A Measure Of Length; A Gallon, A Measure Of Capacity; A Square Foot, A Measure Of Area; A Cubic Foot, A Measure Of ...
Measure For Measure
Measure For Measure Is The Most Characteristic Of The Group Of So-called `dark Comedies' Produced In Shakespeare's Middle Period. Modern Critics Are Agreed That 'meas Ure For Measure,' First Printed In The 1623 Folio, Must Have Been Composed About 160.3. And The Critics' Opinion, Based Almost Solely Upon Evidence Of ...
Measurement Of Streams
Measurement Of Streams. One Of The Many Useful Classes Of Work Conducted By The United States Geological Survey; The Measurement Of Streams Having An Industrial Value. Wherever Water Is Likely To Be Employed For Power Or Irrigation The Amount Available Is Ascertained By That Bureau. The Volume Varies Greatly From ...
Meat
Meat, Inspection Of. The Purpose Of Meat Inspection Is To Eliminate Diseased Or Otherwise Bad Meat From The General Food Sup Ply, To See That The Preparation Of The Meats And Products Passed For Human Consumption Is Cleanly; To Guard Against The Use Of Harmful Dyes, Preservatives, Chemicals Or Other ...
Meats And Meat Production
Meats And Meat Production. The Discussion Of The Subject Will Be Confined To A Consideration Of The Properties, Use And Production Of The Flesh Of Cattle, Sheep And Swine For Human Food. All Animal Tissues Are Made Up Of Dry Substance, Or Solid Material, And Water. The Per Cent Of ...
Mecca
Mecca, Melc'a, Or Makka, Arabia, The Holiest City Of Islam, The Capital Of The Province Of Hedjaz, About 49 Miles Due East Of Jiddah, Its Port On The Red Sea, With Which It Has Tele Graphic Communication. The Mohammedans Call It Umm-al-kora, "mother Of Cities," And It Derives Its Sanctity ...
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Is That Branch Of The Science And Art Of Engineering Which Relates Specially To Machinery. It Is Closely Allied To All Other Classes Of Engineering, Inasmuch As There Is Hardly An Occupation Or Industry In Which Machines Of Some Sort Are Not Directly Or Indirectly Concerned, And It ...
Mechanical Sizing
Mechanical Sizing. Classification Of Dry Granular Material.— The Mechanical Classification Of Dry Granular Material Is The Re Sult Of The Action Of Several Natural Laws Operating In Conjunction With A Mechanical Device So Arranged As To Permit The Balanc Ing Of The Action Of One Law With Another. The Combined ...
Mechanical Terms
Mechanical Terms. Words, Com Pound Words And Short Phrases, Having Definite Meanings Other Than Those Of Ordinary Usage And Specifically Applicable To The Use Of Tools And Other Mechanical Appliances; To The Con Struction And Operation Of Machines, And To The Methods Employed And The Manipulations Re Quired In The ...
Mechanics
Mechanics A Machine), Or Dynamics, The Science That. Treats Of Forces (ofrvaptc, Force), And Of The Motions Produced By Them. The Notion Of A Force, As Evinced To The Senses As A Push Or Pull, Is Common To All, But The Notion Of Force As That Which Produces Or Destroys ...
Mechanics Institutes
Mechanics' Institutes. The Es Tablishment Of Mechanics' Institutes Marks The Struggle Of The Artisan To Provide For His Own Education. Denied A Technical Education, Un Able To Take Advantage Of College And Univer Sity Education Because Of Financial And Economic Stress, The Artisan Nevertheless Demands For Himself Such Educational Opportunities ...
Mechanics Liens
Mechanics' Liens, In Statute Law, A Lien Or Claim Upon Real Estate To Secure Pay Ment For Work Or Labor Performed On, Or Ma Terials Furnished For, Buildings Or Other Im Provements Thereon; Which Labor Or Material Has Been Furnished At The Request Or With The Consent, Express Or Implied, ...
Mechanicsville
Mechanicsville, Battle Of (also Called Battle Of Beaver Dam Creek). After The Battle Of Oak Grove (q.v.), 25 June 1862, The Army Of The Potomac Was Thrown Upon The Defensive By The Sudden Appearance Of °stone Wall* Jackson On Its Right. North Of The Chick Ahominy Mcclellan Had But One ...
Mechanism And Vitalism
Mechanism And Vitalism. The Newtonian Mechanics Has Long Constituted An Ideal For All The Natural Sciences On Account Of The Elegance Of Its Form And The Clearness Of Its Definitions. There Has Consequently Been A Tend Ency To Reduce Biology As Well As Chemistry, Astronomy, Optics, Etc., To A Mechanical ...
Mechanisms
Mechanisms, Mental, Are Modes Of Thought Obtaining Both In The Unconscious And In Conscious Mental Activity, The Most Important Of Which Are Identification, Com Pensation, Projection, Introjection Alid Ra Tionalization. In The Earliest Infancy The Indi Vidual Gradually Makes A Distinction Between Self And External Reality, Tending To Regard As ...
Mecklenburg
Mecklenburg, Meklen-boorg, Ger Many, A Territory On The Baltic Sea, A Former Saxon Province, Now Divided Into The Grand Duchies Of Mecklenburg-schwerin And Meck Lenburg-strelitz. (1) Mecklenburg-schwerin, Bounded On The North By The Baltic Sea, Elsewhere Chiefly By Prussia And Mecklenburg-strelitz, Has An Area Of 5,135 Square Miles. The Capital ...
Medal Of Honor
Medal Of Honor, United States Military, An Honor Bestowed Upon Army And Navy Officers And Men For Specific Services; Regarded As A Higher Token Of The War Hero Than The Victoria Cross Of England, The Medal Of The Legion Of Honor Of France, Or The Iron Cross Of Germany. It ...