Mazzini was a copious writer. A perfect master not only of Italian, but of French and of English literature; he was an able com mentator of Dante, the author of works on philosophy and a constant contributor to some of the most delightful periodical literature in Paris and in London. He would turn from the warfare of politics to write in his Apos tolato Popolari for the benefit of Italian work men sermons 'On the Duties of Man.) He analyzed in masterly fashion the faults and shortcomings of the economic and socialist schools. Though his actions were some times politically indiscreet, he was a man of attractive character and strong personal magnetism, distinguished throughout his career for disinterested patriotism and the highest moral standards of conduct. He was interested in the labor movement, organized a workingmen's association in London in 1840 and was for a time connected with the International Working men's Association (q.v.), but withdrew from that society when It declared for Socialism. During his later life especially his efforts were directed toward separating republicanism from both Socialism and atheism. No man won so many admirers as Mazzini and yet secured so few friends. There was hardly a human being whom long familiarity had not estranged from Mazzini. With manners consummately affable and courteous he combined an over weening conceit and a narrowness and bigotry of view which hardly tolerated independent minds. He was a lonely genius, all apart from
the common ways of other mortals, spurning the suggestions of the plainest common sense, professing to do all for his fellow-beings, yet nothing with them or by their aid. He gave up the idea of ever being a prophet in his own country in his own age; his only trust was in a coming generation, where the germ of his idea could alone attain full development. The best edition of his works is Editi ed Inediti' (18 vols., Milan 1861-91); a partial collection is published under the title 'Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini) (1891). His letters have been published in English (6 vols., London 1890-91). Consult 'Memoir of Joseph Mazzini' (1877), containing his two essays on Democracy in Europe,' and 'On the Duties of Man); Linton, W. J., of Maz zini) (1892) •, Marriott, 'Makers of Modern Italy) (1889); MacCunn, J., 'Six Radical Thinkers' (London 1907) ; Holland, R. S., 'Builders of United Italy' (New York 1908); (Cambridge Modern History) (Vol. XI, lb. 1909); Ktng, Bolton, 'Life of Mazzini' (new ed., ib. 1912); King, H. E. B., and Recollections of Mazzini' (London 1912); Thayer, Dawn of Italian Independence' (1893); Martinengo-Cesaresco, Char acters.'