Toward the end of the 18th century, the special journals of the scientific departments of medicine began to make their appearance. Probably the most important of these was Reil's Archiv fair die Phvsiologie (1795), which was the incentive for the foundation of Johannes Miiller's Archiv fur Anatomic, Phys iologic und wissenschaftliche medicin (Berlin and Leipzig, 1834-57), continued by Reichert and Du Bois Reymond and still published at the present time. Siebold's Lucina (Leipzig 1802 11), Langenbeck's Bibliothek fair die Chirurgie (Gottingen 1805-13), Grafe's and Walther's Journal der Chirurgie und Augen-Heilkunde (Berlin 1820-50), Magendie's Journal de phys iologic experimentale (Paris 1821-31), Mal gaigne's Journal de Chirurgie (Paris 1843-46), Bulletin de la Societe anatomique de Paris (founded in 1826 and still current), and the Mensoires and Bulletin de Mcadimie de medecine are typical examples.
About the middle of the 19th century, year books began to be regularly published. About the same time Virchow's Archiv fair Pathol ogisc'he Anatomic and the Comptes rendus of the Societe de Biologie of Paris began publica tion. There are now literally 'hundreds of such journals published in the various countries and languages. The tendency to extreme specializa tion in medical journalism became marked in the last quarter of the century when special journals for narrow interests were published. Mind (1876), Brain (1879), and La Cellule (1884), are typical examples. Garrison notes that the contribution of the 20th century to medical journalism is the large number of recent periodicals devoted to the psychological and sociological aspects of the sexual instinct.
In Italy medical journalism developed rather slowly, Italian professors being inclined rather to write books than the shorter articles. Cer tain special subjects like electrotherapeutics, because of Galvani's and Volta's discoveries, were covered early. II Galvani with the sub title Giornale di Elettro-Idro-ed Aero-Terapia, was published at Milan at the beginning of the 19th century. All medical therapeutics was re duced to electrical terms by it. Since then the Italians have the habit of calling their medical journals after their great physicians, and have had journals named for Cesalpino, Malpighi, Spallanzani and a number of other distin guished medical discoverers.
A very early attempt at the publication of a medical journal in America was made through a translation of the French Journal of the Mili tary Hospitals, under the title of A Journal of the Practice of Medicine, Surgery and Phar macy in the Military Hospitals of Prance (Vol.
I, No. 1, New York 1790). This contained some 120 pages but is the only number that has come down to us.
The first medical journal published in America was the Medical Repository, a quar terly, under the editorship of Samuel L. Mitchill, Edward Miller and Elihu Smith. It was founded in 1797, and the interest which it aroused can he best appreciated from the fact that of volumes I and II, a second edition was printed in 1800 and exhausted, and a third edition issued in 1804. This is the only time in the history of American medical journalism that this has happened. The Medical Repository continued publication until 1824. Its success led after a few years to the almost simultaneous foundation at Philadelphia of two medical journals, The Medical Museum (1804-11) and the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal (1804-09). Though neither of these lasted long, the establishment of other medical joar nals went on apace. In Boston, the Medical and Agricultural Register was published for two years (180(-07), the Baltimore Medical and Physical Recorder for a similar period (1808-09). An effort was made to attract ad ditional readers in these journals by induding subjects of cognate interest. This was also the case with regard to the American Medical and Philosophical Register (New York), which lasted, however, only some five years (1810-14). The New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery had a happier fate, enduring some Ii years (Boston 1812-28). Philadelphia had hy this time, owing to professional jealousies and politics and the mismanagement of medical schools in New York, come to be the centre of medical education in the United States and the medicaljournalism of the country focussed there. The American Medical Recorder (1813) lasted more than 10 years and was followed by the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, founded in 1820 by Nathaniel Chapman. In 1825, the title of this journal be came the American Journal of the Medico Sciences, still with us. Under the editorship of Dr. Isaac Hays and his son, this came to be the representative American medical journal long known as Hays' Journal. The oldest American medical weekly in existence is the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, founded in 1828, whose editors have been some of the most distinguished physicians of Boston. The Medical News, founded in Philadelphia by the younger Dr. Hays in 1843, was transferred to New York (1896) and combined with the New York Medical Journal (1905). This latter was founded in 1865, followed almost immediately by the Medical Record (1866), both still in existence.