RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR). By the Treaty of Portsmouth, signed 5 Sept. 1905, which con cluded the war, the Russian lease of Port Ar thur and Talien-wan, and the southern ex tremity of the Liao-Tung Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway were transferred to Japan 22 Dec. 1905. China gave official sanction to the transfer and granted Japan the right to extend the railway from granted_ to Autung at the mouth of the Yalu River, where it joins with the Korean Railway. Since the war there has been noted a disposition on the part of Russia and Japan to work together. A proposal made on behalf of the United States by Philander C. Knox in 1909 for the neutraliza tion of the Manchurian railways was met by co-operation between the old enemies. In 1913 there were 2,102 miles of railway: the Russian lines (Chinese Eastern Railway) extending to 1,075 miles, the Japanese (Southern Manchuria Railway) to 684 miles, and the Chinese (North ern Chinese Railway) to 514 miles. Extensions
are being made, the most important being that projected by Russia in 1916, from Harbin di rectly across Manchuria to near the Russian frontier, with a branch to Tsitikar (662 miles). This railway would give control to Russia in northern Manchuria in return for rights al ready secured by Japan in southern Manchuria. Consult Christie, D., 'Thirty Years in Monk den' (London 1914) ; Hosie, A., 'Manchuria: Its Peoples, Resources and Recent History' (ib. 1901) ; Kemp, E. G., 'The Face of Manchu ria, Korea and Russian Turkestan' (ib. 1912) ; Little, A., 'The Far East' (Oxford 1905) ; Pozdnuf, 'Manchuria> (Saint Petersburg 1897) ; Ross, J., 'The Manchus; or the Reign ing Dynasty of China, their Rise and Prog ress' (London 1880) ; Weale, 'The Reshaping of the Far East' (ib. 1905) ; 'The Truce in the East and its Aftermath' (ib. 1907) ; 'The Com mercial Struggle in the Far East' (ib. 1908).