MAWSON, SIR Douglas, Australian geog rapher: b. Bradford, Yorkshire, 1882. He was educated at Sydney University, where he was graduated bachelor of mining engineer in 1901. In the following year he was demonstrator in chemistry there. In 1903 he made a geological exploration of the New Hebrides and lectured at Adelaide University in 1905. In 1908 he became a member of the scientific staff of Sir Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition and determined the position of the south mag netic pole on Victoria Land. In 1911-14 he was leader of the Australasian Antarctic Ex pedition to explore Antarctic lands and estab lish stations for scientific purposes. His dis coveries were among the most important made so far in the 20th century. In 1915 he was awarded the founder's medal of the Royal Geographical Society and was knighted in 1914. He has published 'The Home of the Blizzard' (2 vols., Philadelphia 1915) and scientific papers in the transactions of learned societies. For a detailed account of the explorations di rected by Mawson see Awraacric REctotzs.
MAX, maks, Gabriel von, German painter: b. Prague, 23 Aug. 1840. The son of a sculptor, with whom he studied for a time, he soon de voted himself to painting, then went to the Prague Academy under Engerth's teaching, and, after several years at Vienna, became a pupil of Piloty in Munich, where he was professor in the Academy from 1879 to 1883. His work is largely fantastic; he aims to interpret music, especially that of Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Liszt; and is fond of psychic themes, although occasionally, as in his famous pictures of monkeys, going to an extreme of realism, ex plained by his earnest belief in Darwin and Hacckel. But he is best known for his his
torical and figure paintings, which usually show a female figure of some beauty and ethereal charm, with dreamy, longing, sentimental eyes. In such pictures as these the flesh tones are par ticularly remarkable, being sometimes styled marble-like and due to his early training as a sculptor and again described as a twilight of sentiment, typifying the spiritual. To this class belong 'Spirit Greetings' (1879) • 'The Last Token,' now in the Metropolitan Museum, New York (1874) ' • 'Nydia' (1874) ; 'Veil of Saint Veronica> (1874) ; 'The Lion's Bride,' in the Museum of Manchester (1875), and many book illustrations, notably those for Schiller's and for Lenau's poems, for Goethe's 'Faust> (the 'Marguerite before the Mater Dolorosa' being especially well known), for Wieland's 'Oberon' and for Uhland's works. Max was ennobled in 1900. Consult Klemt, 'Gabriel Max und seise Werke' (Vienna 18871: Mann, N., 'Gabrie Max, Kunst und seine Werke' (Leipzig 1888): and Meissner (in 'Die Kunst unserer Zeit,' Munich 1899).