until about 1835 was the increase rapid. It was checked by the financial panic of 1837, but was again on the increase by 1840. The first foreign immigration, especially from Germany, came with the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 in Europe; economic depression in Ireland caused an Irish exodus in the early half of the 19th century. Religious oppression in Holland brought a Dutch colony to western Michigan in 1846. Overcrowding in the countries of south ern Europe has stimulated the Italian, Hun garian and Greek immigrations of recent years. Nearness to Canada has facilitated the coming of many Canadians since 1850. The French Canadians began coming as early as 1701 to the shore lands about Detroit. Direct immigration from France has not occurred to any extent. The Germans are most numerous in south eastern Michigan about Ann Arbor and Sagi naw. The strongest Dutch centres are Holland, Grand Haven and Grand Rapids. Poles are especially numerous in the *Thumb* and about Detroit, Grand Rapids, Bay City and Saginaw. The largest Italian colony in the Lower Peninsula is in Detroit; and in the Upper Peninsula at Calumet and Iron Moun tain. The most numerous foreign-born popula tion in the Upper Peninsula are the Finns, mainly in the mining regions. The Swedes and Norwegians are most numerous in the coun ties of Houghton, Delta. Dickinson and Gogebic. In the Copper Country there are many Cornishmen. In 1910 Michigan's total foreign-born population was 597,550, or 21.3 per cent of the total population. Following are the number of foreign births by the principal countries represented (United States census): Population.— The first appreciable increase of Michigan's population came after 1818, when public lands came onto the market; but not In total population Michigan ranks eighth in the Union; in density, 17th. This population is distributed in the two peninsulas as follows: Urban Rand Population population population Upper Peninsula... 325,631 181,987 143,544 Lower Peninsula... 2,484,542 1,431,192 1,053,450 About one-third of the population of the Upper Peninsula is in the Copper Country, and another third in the vicinity of the iron mines. In the Lower Peninsula the population is largely in the southern counties, and densest in and about the largest cities — (1910) Detroit, Grand Rapids, Saginaw, Bay City, Jackson.
Kalamazoo, Muskegon, Port Huron, Battle Creek, Lansing and Ann Arbor. In 1910 Detroit contained about one-sixth of the popu lation of the State. Since then its rate of gain has been vastly greater than that of most other cities. Lansing and Flint have risen far above the rank allotted them in 1910. The trend of population is at present (1919), as it has been for over 20 years, away from the small yil lages and rural districts to the large cities, and, in general, there is a perceptible trend toward the northern and northwestern parts of the State. The general growth in popula tion by decades from 1810 to 1917 is given in the following table: uno 4,762 ism 8,896 1130 31.639 110 212,267 tam 397,654 1860 749,113 1170 1,184,059 1810 1,636,937 tem 2,093,890 NBO 2,420,982 1910 2.810,173 1917 (astimasUW) 3.074,561 •
State publications; the most important above used are the reports and bulle tins of the Geological and Biological Survey, Public Domain Commission, Railroad Commis sion, Board of Agriculture, Highway Depart ment, Department of Public Instruction and Board of Corrections and Charities (consult for others, Bowker, R. R., STATE PUBLICATIONS) ; United States Census, 1910; 'Michigan His torical Collections' (Lansing 1877-1915); 'Michigan Political Science Association Publi cations' (Ann Arbor 1893-1905); 'Legislative Manual' (Lansing 1915); Cooley, (Michigan'. (American Commonwealth series, rev. ed., Boston 1905); Shelden, 'The Early History of Ifichiga& (New York 1856); La:Tinian, 'History of Michigan' (New York 1839) ; Farmer, 'History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan' (Detroit 1890); Wood,