The following formula, developed by Viollet k-Due, epitomizes the necessities of the prob lems that determined the character of the tran sition to new and modern military architecture: 'To command the outside parts at a distance and the approaches by horizontal fire of artillery, and to provide against escalade by works of a great elevation with crest-works, according to the ancient system for close defense." The castle of Bonaguil (Charles VII) is one of the very few military structures that have been preserved that was designed to fulfill the spirit of the formula just enunciated. The requirements of present-day defensive civic architecture are based upon the fundamentals that appear in the planning of the castle of Bonaguil and shape the fabric of the numer cus modern armory buildings designed for the housing and training of the military safeguard of the nation. Typical examples of the modern adaptation of the newer principles of military architecture, where the necessities of protecting military stores of arms and ammunition from mob and riot assault require the masses and parts of the fabric to be so disposed that the attacking force may be seen while the defend ers are hidden from sight, and a possibility of obtaining a cross and defile fire may be pro vided at all vulnerable portions of the structure, are to be found in the armories of the 8th Coast Artillery and the 15th Infantry, New York City.
Consult Britton, 'Architect ural Antiquities,) Vol. III (London 1807-26); Clark, (Afediaval Military Architecture' (Lon don 1884) ; id., 'Fortification' (London 1907) ; Enlart, 'Manuel d'archeologie francaise) (Paris 1904) ; Harvey, 'The Castles and Walled Towns of (London 1911) ; and Ross, 'Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland from the Twelfth to the Eighteenth Century) (Edinburgh 1887-97) ; Rey, sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croises en Syrie' (Paris 1871) • Thompson, 'Military Architecture in England' (London 1912) ; Viollet-le-Duc, 'Dictionnaire raisonne de l'architecture francaise du XIe an XVIe slide) (10 vols., Paris 1876). LEWIS F. PILCHER, New York State Architect.