Add to such by-products of foreign mis sions the direct fruits of missionary effort in endowing illiterate languages with alphabet and writings, in purifying literary thought and ex pression in languages which already have liter ature, in enlightening womankind, hitherto guarded against culture, in training children and youth, in teaching an industrial efficiency which touches the world's commercial interests, and one gains fuller comprehension of the results of foreign missions. This vast enterprise so reaches the source of social development among those masses with whom is the reserve vitality of every nation that it must be reckoned among the great agencies by which Europe and America are shaping the destinies ofbackward races throughout the world.
The outbreak of the Great War in 1914 cre ated a reaction against Christianity throughout the mission fields of the world which prevailed until the East understood that the British Em pire, and 'later the United States, were both fighting for justice and righteousness and for the rights of unprotected humanity. German foreign missions naturally suffered during the defeat of the nation which had violated the fundamental principle of Christianity, "Peace on Earth — God's will to men," and the inter denominational, international missionary or ganizations which reached their culmination at the Edinburgh Missionary Conference in 1910 were, for the time, disorganized. The continu ation committee there launched had been re markably successful in binding under one or ganization the Protestant missionary forces of the world.
By the stand of the British Empire and America, North and South, a reaction occurred which increased the endeavors. of Protestant foreign mission work as shown in the statistics presented at the Foreign Mission Conference of North America at Garden City, N. Y., in 1918. Gratifying increase was shown along all lines of foreign missionary endeavor and was best exemplified by the grand total of the in comes of the affiliated societies, representing as far as it was possible to be ascertained the amount given in Canada and the United States for carrying on foreign Protestant missionary enterprise. Of the total amount, $18,500,000 were given by living donors, a balance of nearly 1"000,000 representing the incomes from lega cies, endowments and other sources. Exclu sive of the income of the societies derived from the mission fields themselves, the total income amounted to $20,400,000 as compared to $16, 939,741 in 1915 and $11,946,218 m 1910. Offi cially advanced by the National Missionary Society of Sweden in a communication to Sec retary James L. Barton, chairman of the Amer ican National Committee, representing the mis sion societies of North America, the sugges tion is to be acted upon, although many diffi culties appear in the way of the achievement: 'Whether plans should not be inaugurated by the Protestant missionary bodies of the world to put all foreign work upon a supernational basis so that in case of any future war, no matter what countries were involved, their in stitutions and their work should remain abso lutely undisturbed?" Bibliography.— The literature of foreign
missions is enormous. Only a few standard works can here be suggested. Dr, S. M. Jack son's 'Bibliography of Foreign Missions' (1891) may well be consulted. General Sur veys and Statistics: Warneck, 'Outlines of a History of Protestant Missions' (1907); Den nis, 'Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions' (1902) ; 'World Atlas of Christian Missions,' Student Volunteer Movement (1917) ; Bliss, E. M., 'Encyclopedia of Missions' (2 vols., 1891); Dwight, Bliss and Tupper, 'New En cyclopedia of Missions' (1904) ; Dwi H. 0., 'The Blue Book of Missions' (1907); Barnes, L. C., 'Two Thousand Years of Missions be fore Carey' (1901). Missionary Societies: Lovett, R., 'History of the London Missionary Society' (2 vols.., 1895) Stock, E., 'History of the Church Missionary Society' (3 vols., 1899); Hamilton, L. T., 'Moravian Missions' (1901); Pascoe, C. F., 'Two Hundred Years of the So ciety for the Propagation of the Gospel' (1901); Merriam, E. F., 'History of the Amer ican Baptist Missions' (1902) ; Strong, W. E., 'Story of the American Board of Commis sioners for Foreign Missions' (1910) •, Canton, 'History of the British and Foreign Bible So ciety' (5 vols., 1904); Dwight, 'Centennial History of the American Bible Society' (1916); Report of the Centenary Missionary Conference (London 1888); Report of the Ecumenical Conference (New York 1900); Reports of the World Missionary Conference (Edinburgh 1910) ; Dennis, 'Christian Mis sions and Social Progress' (3 vols., 1897 1906). On Special Fields: Reports of the great Shanghai Conference (1907) ; MacGilli vray, 'China Missions' Year Book' (1915); Gibson, 'Mission Problems and Mission Meth ods in South China' (1893); Inglis, 'India's Protestant Missionary Directory) (1915); Jones, 'India's Problem' (1903) ; Dearing and others, 'The Christian Movement in Japan' (1915) ; Stewart, 'Dawn in the Dark Conti nent' (1903) ; Stock, 'The Story of Uganda' (1894); Curtis, 'The Laos of North Siam' (1903); Brown, 'The New Era in the Philip pines' (1903) ; Zwemer, 'Mohammed or Christ?' (1916) ; Wilson, 'Modern Movements among Moslems' (1915) ; Dwight, 'Constanti nople and its Problems' (1901) ; Beach and others, 'Protestant Missions in South Amer ica' (1900) • St. Iohn, B., 'A Comparison in Missionary Statistics' (in The Missionary Re view of the World, Vol. XLI, pp. 356-359, New York 1918).