Premonstratensian and Grandmontine In these the central point of the enclosure is occupied by the cloisters, which include a separate court enclosed entirely by galleries under which the doors of the different apartments are located. In the centre of the court are a well and a cistern. The abbey church occupies one entire side of the square, either the north or south side. The western side of the cloisters is attached to the building which forms the exterior facade of the abbey and is composed of cells or stores of Provi sions surmounted by the dormitory of the menial servants. On the side of the; square facing the church is the kitchen, communicat-' ing with the refectory by a wicket. The fectory has an elegantly carved chair for read ing. On the east, following the refectory, come the workroom or several apartments serving as library, scriptorium, shops, etc. On the eastern side of the cloisters, between the work ing quarters and the church choir is a passage affording access to the gardens, then comes the chapter-hall, generally several steps downward from the cloisters with which it communicates by a great portal flanked by two richly adorned windows. It is generally vaulted and neatly decorated; the abbots were often interred under its pavement. The sacristy is usually located between the chapter-hall and the church, alsO the vestment room and chart room; sometimes a prison cell for delinquents. Above these compartments extends the dormitory of the monki, communicating by a staircase with the church choir. Opposite the stairway is the cell of the abbot overlooking his monks. • The collection of buildings is closed in by a water course or walls with an entrance on the east facing the façade of the abbey. The porter's lodge is located alongside. Within this en closure are the lodgings for the laity; eastward arc the apartments for ecclesiastical guests and the novitiate. The agricultural buildings (near a stream) and the mill and factories are scat tered on the sides, the infirmary being carefully isolated.
The monastic housing plans of the Jestiits differed greatly from those of the mediaeval monasteries. They rivaled one another in beautifying and enlarging their buildings and grounds. The church, of course, showed the chief magnificence, hut the libraries and re fectories boasted all the ornamentation the architectural periods afforded. They set aside special spaces for festivities and for the en tertainment of distinguished guests, even fur nishing (in Austria) a theatre, Imperial hall and decal hall. Good examples exist at Otto bent-en, Salem, Ettal, Saint Florian near Linz, Melk (Lower Austria). The Carthusians adopted a plan differing in many respects from other Orders; the Knights Templar united mili tary architecture with that of the monastery. The Franciscans and Dominicans of the 13th century dropped tradition in modifications, and by the 17th century followed no style entirely. The Cluniacs (from 912) developed the Roman esque style in• their monasteries. The Cister cians (from ;1098) adapted the Gothic to their needs, and the Trappists also utilized the Gothic style. In Italy the Renaissance period (of course) furnishes the finest specimens of monastic architecture. Of such perhaps the most prominent is the Certosa, near Pavia (Carthusian), built 1473, with its celebrated church façade, considered to be the most magnificen,t monument of the Italian early Renaissance. The Carthusian monastery, built by Michelangelo, which adjoins the Santa Maria degli Angell church at Rome (now the Museo Nazionale delle Terme), is noted. The cloister of 'Santa Croce, Florence, contains the greatly .admired portal of Brunelleschi. Con sult Havell, E. B., and Mediaeval Architecture of India' (London 1915); bainville, d'Arbois de, de l'etat interieur des abbayes cisterciennes' (Troyes 1863); Lenoir, monastique' (Paris 1852 %). See ARCHITECTURE; BYZANTINE ART; CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE.