Population.— The first Territorial census in 1860 shows but 288 people in the Territory, exclusive of Indians. The population as given by the census for each decade is as follows: (1860) 288; (1870) 20,595; (1880) 39,159; (1890) 132,159; (1900) 243,329; (1910) 376 is 056; (estimated 1918) 750,000. Illiteracy is low. There are .50 counties in the State, as fol lows, with their county-seats: The following is the population of cities with more than 10,000 population, as given by the 1910 census: Butte, 39,165; Great Falls, 13,948; Missoula, 12,869; Helena, 12,515; Ana conda, 10,134; Billings, 10,031. Cities of over 2,000 population are Glendive, Miles City, Red Lodge, Roundup, Dillon, Hamilton, Glasgow, Havre, Kalispell, Walkerville, Bozeman, Liv ingston, Lewistown. Nearly all of the cities and towns are growing rapidly. Many import ant business places have appeared within a few years, as Baker, Hardin, Roundup, Valier, Poi son and Hysham. Many small places far in land from railroads do very large business. Butte, the largest city in the State, is situated on the Pacific side of the main range, at an alti tude of 5,700 feet, a few miles from the sum mit of the range. It is noted for the wonder ful richness and extent of its mines. It is a railway centre, the transportation facilities mak ing it an important wholesale and distributing point. The State School of Mines is located at Butte. Great Falls, the second city in the State, was located and plotted by Paris Gibson, yet living, and James J. Hill, in 1883, before the coming of the railroad or the building of a house. It is a beautiful city, with parks and boulevarded streets. It is an important com mercial centre and the several falls in the river make it a great source of electrical power. A large smelter is located on the bank of the Mis souri River. It has many factories and is the centre of a large agricultural country. Mis soula, the Garden City, is on the west side of the range, at the mouth of Hell Gate Calton. It has a large surrounding agricultural, fruit growing and lumber country. The Milwaukee and Northern Pacific transcontinental roads pass through the city and there are branch roads up the Bitter-Root River, over the Cceur d'Alene Mountains to Idaho and up the Big Black foot River. It has a beet sugar factory, erected in 1917, flour mills and other factories and is the seat of the State university. A few miles out is the government army post, Fort Mis soula. Helena, the capital of the State, owes its existence to the discovery of gold in Last Chance Gulch. The capitol is a beautiful build ing, constructed ,from sandstone from Colum bus, costing $1,100,000. The elevation of Hel ena, 4,700 feet, and its location near the sum mit of the main range of the Rockies, give it a delightful climate. The Montana Wesleyan
and Mount Saint Charles College are located in Helena. The State Fair is held annually near the city. Anaconda, the Smelter City, was 39U founded by Marcus Daly as a suitable place for the erection of smelter works. The Washoe Smelter, employing between 3,000 and 4,000 men, is the largest in the world. Anaconda is on Warm Spring Creek in the Deer Lodge Val ley, elevation one mile above sea-level. A State fish hatchery is located in Anaconda. Billings is the largest city in eastern Montana and is in a rich agricultural region, with extensive live stock interests. It has excellent railroad facili ties and is a large distributing centre. A large beet sugar factory is located at Billings and near the city is the Billings Polytechnic Insti tute. Miles City is "the greatest primary horse market" in the world. Bozeman is the home of the State College of Agriculture and Me chanic Arts and of a United States fish hatch ery. Livingston is the gateway to the Yellow stone National Park. Red Lodge has great coal mines.
Bibliography.— The following works may be consulted for further information relative to the history and development of the State: Bancroft, 'History of the Northwest Coast' (1886); 'Idaho and Montana' (1890) • Biddle, History of the Expedition under the Com mand of Lewis and Clark' (1842); Davies, of Montana) (1896) ; Lewis and Clark, from St. Louis by Way of Mis souri and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific Ocean) (1804-06) ; Palladino, (Indians and Whites in the Northwest; or, a History of Catholicity in Montana) (1895) ; Roosevelt, Life and the Hunting (1888) ; (Geological Survey of the (Pre liminary Report of Montana and portions of Adjacent Territories' (1871) ; Dimsdale, Brady, (Indian Fights and Fighters' (2 vols., 1903-07) ; Chittenden, Fur Traders of the Far West' ; • Chittenden, tory of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri DeSmet, 'Western Missions and Fogarty, 'The Story of Montana) (1917) ; Judson, the Land of the Shining Mountains' (1909) ; Lant, (Pathfinders of the Northwest' ; Miller, tory of Montana' ; Sanders, (History of Mon Shields, 'The Battle of the Stone, 'Following Old Trails' (1913) ; Swain, (Civics for Montana Students); Wheeler, 'The Trail of Lewis and Clark) (1904) ; Wonder land, issued annually by N. P. Railway, Saint Paul; Rocky Mountain Magazine; Proceedings of the State Historical Society. Publications from the agricultural experiment station at Bozeman, from the University of Missoula and by the various State officers. Annual report, Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Industry, Helena.