In 1907 Dr. Marchand was killed by natives at Marrakesh, and this was followed by French occupation of Udja, on the Algerian border, In 1908 Mulai Hafid 'succeeded to the throne. In 1909—and again in 1911 — the Riffians made attacks on the Spaniards in the neigh borhood of Melilla, which were ultimately de feated. In July 1911 the German government dispatched the cruiser Panther to Agadir in southern Morocco, where German financiers had acquired considerable concessions. The local chiefs were entertained on board the ves sel and promised German support in any re sistance they might make against Frerich para mountcy in the country. The result was a threatened European conflagration : Great Brit ain assured France of her support, and for a time the situation was tense. Negotiations were entered into between France and Ger many, which lasted for three months, and the result of which was the drawing up of two agreements (4 Nov. 1911), the one practically recognizing a French protectorate in the coun try but obtaining for German interests absolute equality in economic and commercial matters, with the cession to Germany of 250,000 square kilometres in the northern French Congo. In April 1912 the Sultan recognized the French protectorate, which has also been recognized by Great Britain, Germany and other great powers. General Lyautev was appointed resi dent general, with both civil and military powers. In that year Mulai Hafid abdicated in favor of Mulai Yusuf, the present Sultan. Spanish rights in the Spanish Northern Zone have been conceded, and it is administered by a Khalifa chosen by the Sultan. A zone in the
district of Tangiers 140 square miles in extent, has been created.
After the outbreak of the Great War in August 1914 the French army of occupation, amounting to 85,000 men, was required else where; it was decided to withdraw troops from the interior and to hold only the towns on the coast, and a mobile column was organized to keep order. Disturbances were created' at the outset, inspired by German agents in the Span ish zone. About 30,000 Moors have fought in Europe, and thousands have filled places in munitions and other industries in France.
Bibliography.— Aflalo, M. 'The Truth about (London 1904) • Berard, V., 'L'Affaire Morocco) (Paris 1906) • Brives, A., 'Voyages au Maroc) (Algiers 1909) ; Dawson, A. J., 'Things Seen in Morocco' (London 1904); Desroches, G., 'Le Maroc, son passé, son present, son avenir' (Paris 1913) ; Donne, E., 'Missions au Moroc> (ib. 1914) ; Fraser, J. Foster, 'The Land of Veiled Women) (Lon don 1911); Holt, G. E. 'Morocco the Piquant' ( (ib. 1914) ; Kerr, R., Morocco after Twenty five Years' (ib. 1912) ; Loti, Pierre, (ib. 1914) ; Mackenzie, D., 'The Khalifate of the West) (ib. 1911) - Meaken, B., 'The Moor ish Empire' (ib. 1894) ; and 'The Land of the Moors' (ib. 1901) •, Morel, E. D., 'Morocco in Diplomacy' (ib. 1912) ; Playfair and Brown, 'Bibliography of Morocco) (1892) • Richet, E E., 'Voyages an Maroc' (Paris 1409) ; Spils burg, A. G., 'The Toumaline Expedition) (Lon don 1906).