Etowah Mound, a large prehistoric mound three miles southeast of Cartersville, in Bartow County, Ga. Like the Cahokia mound it is situated on a river bottom and is surrounded by several smaller mounds of which it seems to have been the centre of community or civic life. Etowah is a quadrilateral, truncated pyramid much like Cahokia in form. It is over 60 feet high with a base length on one side of 380 feet. On the south side of the mound broad inclined roadway leads un to within 18 feet of the summit. This incline once was pro vided with wooden steps. The truncated top of the mound measures 170 by 176 feet. On the east side there is also a narrow slide reaching from the top to the bottom. The base of the pyramid covers nearly three acres. In excava tions made in some of the surrounding mounds, stone images and copper plates have been en countered. Earthenware, copper, celts, pipes and stone objects suggestive of a fair degree of culture were also unearthed.
Elephant Mound, a well-known mound of massive form originally believed to represent some prehistoric animal probably an elephant. It is situated about four miles south of Wyalus ing, Wis., on low ground a few feet above the level of the high-water mark of the Mississippi. The dimensions of this mound, which is badly disfigured through cultivation, is given as fol lows by the Bureau of American Ethnology; length 140 feet, height about four feet, width across the body to the lower end of the hind leg 72 feet. The bureau, upon careful examina tion, decided the mound was intended to repre sent a bear.
Fort Ancient, a prehistoric American mound fortification in Warren County, Ohio, and on a headland nearly 300 feet high overlooking the Miami River. The fortress itself is divided into two unequal portions known as the °Old Fort° and the °New Fort" and altogether it en closes a space of about 100 acres. The wall, for the most part, is constructed of clay but it is underlaid, in many places, with stone. This
great wall is nearly 19,000 feet or more than three and one-half miles long and from 6 to 10 feet high and contains as much earth as the great pyramid of Etowah. Not far to the east of the New Fort" are two mounds, and within the fort itself were other small mounds which evidently served as burial places. Most of the property covered by Fort Ancient has been secured by the State of Ohio by which it has been made a park and reservation placed in the care of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society.
Grave Creek Mound, near Moundsville, W. Va., at the junction of Grave Creek and the Ohio River, is one of the best known of prehis toric Indian mounds. It is conical in shape with a base diameter of 320 feet, and a dish shaped depression at the top. During excava tions made in 1838 two burial vaults were un covered, one at the base and the other 30 feet above. The lower contained two skeletons and the upper, one. Buried with the skeletons were several thousand shell beads, mica ornaments, stone objects and several copper bracelets.
Newark Works, near Newark, Ohio, an ex tensive group of prehistoric Indian construc tions of a complicated nature. They are situ ated on an elevated plain from 30 to 50 feet above the river bottom and are composed of walls, circles, squares, an octagonal enclosure, ditches, mounds and avenues covering about four square miles. Two groups two miles apart are connected by avenues bordered by walls. The western group contains a large walled octa gon and a square connected by a walled passage way; and the eastern group contains another large circle connected with a large square by a wide walled avenue. While the square enclosures have, each, several entrances, the circles have only one each and that leading into the square. The larger circle has a diameter of over 1,000 feet, and embraces within its circuit the fair grounds of the Licking County Agricultural Society;. .