Whether in North, Central. or South Amer ica, there were centres where things higher than mere animal wants found chance to flour ish and the upward growth toward rational rather than mere physical man took place, and all about these centres roamed those outlying people, who were not degenerates, but the as yet unadvanced descendants of that original people of the early stone age to whom it fell to populate these two continents. See MOUND BUILDERS.
The bibliography of American archaeology is more extensive than comprehensive and much more theoretical than practical. The 'Smithsonian Contributions to Kriowedge) (Washington, D. C., 1847-1900) contain many important monographs; also the 'Annual Reports' of the same institution. The volumes of the 'Antiquarian Society of Worcester,' Mass., of the now non-existent American Ethnological Society, also, are val uable; likewise the 'Annual Reports of the Regents of the State University,' Albany, N.Y. The Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C., has issued an annual volume of inestimable value for many years; and the publications of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology, Cam bridge, Mass., and certain of the bulletins of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, are authoritative and necessary for a full understanding of the subject. The sep arate works that have been published are of less importance. Those prior to 1850 are purely of a speculative character. Of later date, the works of Brinton are of most importance; not ably his 'American 'Essays of an and 'Notes on the Floridian Peninsula.' Of equal importance is Bancroft's 'Native Races Of the Pacific Coast.' Consult also Dellenbaugh, Moore, Jones, and Volk for résumé of subjects covering North America, Florida, the Southern States and valley of the Delaware River, and in the order named; Ab bott, C. C., 'Stone Age in New Jersey' (Ameri can Naturalist, 1872), 'Stone Age in New Jer sey' (Smithsonian Annual Report, 1876). 'Prim
itive Industry) (Salem, Mass. 1881), (Archm ologia Nova Caesarea' (1907-09). (Ten Years' Diggings in Linape Land' ( 1912),' Archxological Significance of an Inland Dune> (in Proceed ings American Philosophical Society, 1917); Balch, 'Early Man in America' (in Proceed ings American Philosophical Society, 1917) ; Keane, A. H., 'Ethnology) (1900) • id., 'Man: Past and Present' (1900) ; Keith, A., 'Antiquity of Man" (1914) ; Scllards, E. H., 'Human Re mains and Assorted Fossils from the Pleisto cene of Florida' (Annual Report State Geolo gist, 1916) ; Spier, L., 'New Data on the Tren ton (N. J.) Argillite Culture' (American An thropologist, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, 1916) ; Volk, E., 'Archaeology of the Delaware Valley' (Pea body Museum Papers, Vol. V, 1911) ; Winchel, N. H., 'Weathering of Stone Artifacts' (Min nesota Historical Society, 1913).
Mexico.— Kingsborough,'Antiquities' ; Mayer, 'Mexico as It Was and Is); Hum boldt, (Vues des Cordilleres'; and the pub lications of Zelia Nuttall in the series issued by Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., not ably 'The Fundamental Principles of the Old and New World Civilizations.' Consult also Stephens, 'Yucatan.' Peru.— Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London; biennial reports of Inter national Congress of Americanists; von Tschudi, Brazil—Bates, 'Naturalist on River Ama zons) (1863); Agassiz, 'Journey in Brazil' (1868) ; Kidder and Fletcher, 'Brazil and Bra zilians); Burton, R. F., in High lands of Brazil' (1869).
Patagonia.—Dobrizhoffer, ( A bipon Cr) (1822); Muster, 'At Home With the Pata gonians! ; and for South America generally, transactions of learned societies in Europe — German, French and English. Also Bingham, Hiram, 'Explorations in Land of Incas); Cook, 0. F. Farms of Ancients' (No. 5, Vol. XXIX of National Geographic Magazine). These articles settle the question forever of the geological antiquity of man in South America.