Aristotle

After the death of Alexander the Great, the Greek states, with Athens at their head, at tempted to free themselves from the Macedo nian power. Aristotle's former relation to Alexander, and his friendship for Antipater, the Macedonian governor, made him at once an object of attack. The charge of Atheism was brought against him, as it had formerly been brought against Anaxagoras and Socrates and he retired to Chalcis in Eubcea, where, in the following year (322), he died.

Writings.— The writings that have come down to us under the name of Aristotle do not by any means represent his complete literary activity. It is moreover known that the writings of Aristotle which were lost included: (1) Certain popular works published by Aris totle probably during the time of his connec tion with the Academy. He himself refers to these as the "exoteric," or popular writings. They were written generally in dialogue form, and modeled, both in subject matter and style, after the works of Plato. (2) Compilations of scientific, historical, and political materials, which were used by Aristotle as data in the preparation of his theoretical works. To this class belongs the

The works which have survived are those which set forth Aristotle's system in more com plete and systematic form, and which were used within the school. The writings which have been known to tradition as those of Aristotle appear to have come essentially from the edi tion of Aristotle's works prepared and arranged by Andronicus of Rhodes about the middle of the 1st century ac. Of present-day editions of Aristotle's works that of the Berlin Academy (1831-70) may be mentioned. These writings may be classified in the following way: (a) Treatises on Logic.— These were later collected under the title of the (Organon.) This included the (Categories,) (De Interpretatione) (on the parts and kinds of propositions) ; the prior and posterior (consisting of two books each, and developing the doctrine of the syllogism and dealing with scientific methods in general) ; the (dealing with probable conclusions) ; and on Elenchi> (which discusses certain fallacies and the ways of refuting them). The Bohn Library

gives an English translation of these works in two volumes by 0. F. Owen.

(b) The (Rhetoric> and the former consists of three books, of which only the first two are regarded as genuine. (English i translation by T. Buckley in Bohn Library). The (Poetics) has been preserved only in a very incomplete and fragmentary condition. An English translation is given in S. H. Butcher's 'Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and the Fine Arts) (3d ed., 1902). See Porncs, THE.

(c) The Work (On the First — our — which Zeller describes as a torso arbitrarily bound up with a number of other fragments, some genuine, some spuri ous. (English translation in Bohn Library, by J. H. McMahon, 1889).

(d) The Works on Natural Science.— To this class belong (1) the (Physics,' with the connected works, On the Heavens,) Growth and and the ; and (2) the zoological treatises, (The History of Animals,) (On the Parts of Animals,) (On the Movement of Animals,) and (On the Gen eration of ; (3) the psychological writings, including the (De Anima,' and the smaller treatises known as the