Archaeology.— Practically throughout the State are the remains of innumerable struc tures, the homes of Indian tribes in former times. The more celebrated of these are Casa Grande, the main building of a large group of similar structures near Florence; the cliff dwellings of the Navajo National Monument within the Navajo Indian Reservation in the extreme northern part of the State ,• Montezuma Castle on Beaver Creek near old Camp Verde; the cliff-dwellings of Walnut Canyon near Flagstaff and near the Roosevelt Dam. Many others are situated along the water-courses, and indeed in many instances away from any present water supply. These remains for the greater part are probably at least a thousand years old, but others show evidence of having been inhabited not very long before the discov ery of America, while still others were doubt less occupied within the historic period.
History.— The first white men to enter Ari zona were probably Juan de la Asuncion and Pedro Nadal, two friars of whom little is known, who penetrated the region in 1538. Fray Marcos of Niza and his negro companion Estevanico, in 1539, journeyed from Mexico to the sources of the Rio San Pedro, thence across the southeastern part of the present State to the province of Cibola. (See NEW Maxico). In the following year Niza served as guide to Francisco Vasquez Coronado, who, with a con siderable force, visited Cibola and sent two small expeditions which discovered the Hopi villages (called Tusayan) and the Grand Cation of the Colorado. Meanwhile other parties went from the settlement which Coronado es tablished on the Rio Sonora in northwestern Mexico, explored the region, later known as the Papagueria (from the Papago Indians), to the mouth of the Colorado, where letters had been buried by Hernando de Alarcon who com maned a joint expedition by sea and went up the Colorado for 85 leagues. Antonio de Es pejo visited the Hopi villages in the north eastern part in 1583, as did Juan de Ofiate, the first governor and colonizer of New Mexico, in 1598, the latter also passing entirely across the State to the mouth of the Colorado and back in 1604-05. The first missions were es tablished among the Hopi by Franciscans in the summer of 1629, which, barring the killing of some of the missionaries by the Indians, were successfully continued until August 1680, when, in a general uprising of the Pueblos, the mis sionaries were murdered and little effort made thenceforth to introduce Christianity. From
1687 the Jesuits, particularly Padre Eusebio Kino, made various journeys into southern Arizona, establishing the missions of San Xavier del Bac in 1699 or 1700, and that of Guevavi in 1732. The present church of San Xavier was begun about 1783 and finished in 1797. In 1752 a presidio was established at Tubac, but in 1776 it was removed to a ranch eria of about 80 families of Pima, Papago, and Sobaipuri Indians, known as San Augustin de Tucson (the present Tucson) a few miles northward, at which a few Spaniards may also have settled after 1763. Another mission of importance, the walls of whose fine church are still standing, was that of San Jose Tumaca curl, erected in 1752. The missions and their visitas led a precarious existence after 1750 53, during which years the Pima were at war against the Spaniards, killing several priests and plundering the missions, in cluding that of San Xavier. The Jesuits were expelled in 1767 and were followed by Franciscans, who rehabilitated the mission settlements and conducted explorations in un known or forgotten regions. For many years before and after, the Apache tribes were at almost constant war with the more sedentary Indians of southern Arizona, raiding their set tlements, killing the men and carrying off the women; nor did the white settlements fare much better, notwithstanding the presence of presidios. At the time of the conquest of New Mexico in 1846 by Gen. S. W. Kearny, Arizona formed a part of that territory. By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 the section north of the Gila was ceded by Mexico to the United States, while that south of the river was ob tained through the Gadsden Purchase (q.v.), approved in 1854. Raids continued, various military expeditions were conducted and out posts established, and rich mineral deposits were discovered during the next few years. By act of Congress approved 24 Feb. 1863, Arizona was erected into a separate Territory, and on 29 December it was formally organized at Navajo Springs. The withdrawal of troops from the frontier at the beginning of the Civil War left the country practically at the mercy of Apaches, who continued their depredations; mines were abandoned and settlements deserted, but with the re-establishment of the military posts the development of the Territory was renewed and has since continued.