Arthritis Deformans
Arthritis Deformans (rheuma Toid Arthritis, Or Osteo-arthritis), A Group Of Chronic Progressive Diseases Of Thejoints Chiefly Affecting The Articular Cartilages, Bones And Synovial Membranes, And Producing Loss Of Function And Great Deformity From Ossifi Cation Of Some Parts Of The Joint And Atrophy Of Others. Their Origins Are Various, Some ...
Arthropoda
Arthropoda, A Phylum Comprising Those Articulated Animals Which Have Jointed Appendages Such As Antenna, Jaws, Maxilla (or Accessory Jaws), Palpi And Legs Arranged In Pairs, The Two Halves Of The Body Thus Be Ing More Markedly Symmetrical Than In The Lower Animals. It Is By Far The Most Numerous In ...
Arthur
Arthur, King Of The Silures In The 6th Century, An Ancient British Hero, Whose Story Has Been The Theme Of Much Romantic Fiction. He Is Said To Have Been The Son Of Uthyr, Chief Commander Of The Britons, And To Have Been Born About 501. In 516 He Succeeded His ...
Arthur_2
Arthur, Chester Alan, The 21st Presi Dent Of The United States: B. Fairfield, Vt., 5 Oct. 1830; D. New York, 18 Nov. 1886. He Was Graduated From Union College At 18, Was Prin Cipal Of An Academy At North Pownal, Vt., And In 1853 Began The Practice Of Law In ...
Arthurian Romances
Arthurian Romances, The. The Figure Of Arthur Rests, In All Probability, Upon A Historical Basis, Which Has Been Completely Transformed By The Accretions Of Mythology, Legend And Romance. In The 'historia Brit Onum' Of Nennius, A Compilation Of Very Un Certain Date, Mention Is Made Of A Certain Arthur Who ...
Artichoke
Artichoke, Two Plants Of The Family Asteraceer. The True, Sometimes Called French, Artichoke (cynara Scolymus), A Native Of The Mediterranean Region, Is A Coarse, Stout, Peren Nial, Thistle-like Herb, Three To Five Feet Tall, With Rather Spiny Leaves, The Lower Of Which Are Often Three Feet Or More Long, And ...
Articles
Articles, The Of The Church Of England, A Term Applied To A Body Of Divinity, Chiefly Founded On The Formulary Of Forty-two Articles Compiled By Archbishop Cranmer In 1551, In Obedience To The Command Of Edward Vi And The Privy Council, Who In Structed Him To "frame A Book Of ...
Articles Of War
Articles Of War. Until The Civil War In England In The Reign Of Charles I, It Is Probable That No Regular Permanent Code Of Rules Or Articles For Enforcing Military Disci Pline Was In Existence; The Ruling Authority Had Promulgated Its Orders For The Government And Regulation Of The Army ...
Artificial Flowers
Artificial Flowers, Flowers Made Of A Large Variety Of Materials In Close Imita Tion Of Natural Flowers For Purposes Of Orna Ment And Instruction. The Famous Collection Of Harvard University, Made Wholly Of Glass And Illustrating The Flora Of The United States Is The Best Example Of The Latter. The ...
Artificial Limbs
Artificial Limbs, Substitutes For Human Arms And Legs And Parts Thereof, Toes, Feet, Hands And Fingers, Appliances For Exci Sions, Fractures And Other Disabilities Of Lower And Upper Extremities, The Manufacture Of Which Has Received The Attention Of Surgeons And Mechanics From A Very Early Date. In The Great Work ...
Artillery
Artillery. Projectile Arms Using Gas As A Propelling Force, And Also The Troops Serv Ing These Arms. The History Of Artillery Dates From The Discovery Of Gunpowder In The 13th Century. Several Small Guns Were In Action At The Battle Of Crecy In 1346. In The French War Of Independence ...
Arundelian Marbles
Arundelian Marbles, A Series Of Sculptured Marbles Discovered By William Petty, Who Explored The Ruins Of Greece For Thomas Howard, Earl Of Arundel, In The Reign Of The First Stuart Kings, James I And Charles I, And Devoted A Large Portion Of His Fortune To The Collection Of Monuments Illustrative ...
Aryan
Aryan (ar'yan, Or Ar'-i-an) Lan Guages, An Important Language Family Fre Quently Styled The Indo-european Or Indo-ger Manic Family Of Tongues. They Have Reached A Higher Development Than Those Of The Second Great Family, The Semitic, And Are Far In Ad Vance Of The Next One — That Comprising The ...
Aryan Race
Aryan Race, A Name Sometimes Applied To That Particular Ethnological Division Of Man Kind Otherwise Called Indo-european Or Indo Germanic, But More Properly To The Indo Iranian Group Alone. The Indo-european Divi Sion Includes Two Branches, The Western, Which Comprises The Inhabitants Of Europe, With The Exception Of The Turks, ...
As You Like It
As You Like It. The Joyous And Ro Mantic Comedy, As You Like It,' Was Never More Happily Characterized Than By Robert Louis Stevenson In One Of His Letters: °my View Of Life Is Essentially The Comic; And The Romantically Comic As You Like It' Is To Me The Most ...
As A Man Thinks
As A Man Thinks. In 1907, Augustus Thomas Produced His Play,
As The Leaves
As The Leaves ((come Le Foglie'). Giuseppe Giacosa (1847-1906), One Of The Three Or Four Great Playwrights Of Modern Italy, Be Gan As A Romanticist But Gradually Fell Beneath The Spell Of The Social And Domestic Drama De Veloped In France By Angier And The Younger Dumas, And In Norway ...
Asbestos
Asbestos (named From A Greek Com Pound Word Signifying Inextinguishable, Incom Bustible), A Fibrous Fireproof Mineral Substance, One Of The Most Remarkable Found In Nature. Several Minerals Are Mined And Sold As As Bestos. The Most Important Is Chrysotile, The Fibrous Form Of Serpentine (ii.mg$s40.). Ac Tinolite [ca(mgfe)s(sios)41 Yields A ...
Asbury
Asbury, Francis, The First Bishop Of The Methodist Episcopal Church In The United States. He Was Born In Hands Worth, Staffordshire, England, 20 Aug. 1745; D. Va 31 March 1816. He Joined The Local Ministry Of The Methodists At The Age Of 16, The Itinerant Ministry Six Years Later, And ...
Asceticism
Asceticism Is The Exercise Of The Facul Ties In Moral And Religious Practices, The Applica Tion Of Saint Paul's Comparison Between An Athlete's And A Christian's Life (1 Cor. Ix, 24, 27). It Is Negative, When The Object Of This Exercise Is To Avoid Evil, To Curb Vicious Ten Dencies, ...
Ascham
Ascham, As'kam, Roger, English Scholar: B. Kirby Wiske, Yorkshire, 1515; D. London, 30 Dec. 1568. While Still A Child, He Was Taken Into The Family Of Sir Anthony Wing Field And Educated With The Latter's Children. He Made Rapid Progress In English And Classical Studies, And Was Taught Archery By ...
Ascidian
Ascidian, A Marine Animal, So Called From Ascidia, A Genus Of Tunicata. Ascidians Were Once Regarded As Mollusks, And Afterward As Worms, But When Their Embryology And Early Stages Were Studied And It Was Found That They Passed Through A Tadpole-like Stage, In Which The Tail Is Supported By A ...
Asgill
Asgill, Asigil, John, English Writer: B. Hanley Castle 1659; D. 1738. He Was Bred To The Law, And Gained Considerable Reputation, Not Only By Skill In His Profession, But From His Pamphlet Declaring That Man Might Pass Into Eternal Life Without Dying. In 1703 He Took His Seat In The ...
Ashburnham
Ashburnham, John, English Royalist: B. 1603; D. 15 Jan. 1671. Under Buckingham's Patronage, He Began His Court Career Very Early. In 1627 He Was Sent To Paris To Make Overtures For Peace, And In 1628 He Prepared To Join The Expedition To Rochelle, Interrupted By The Duke's Assassination. The Same ...
Asheville
Asheville, Ash'vil, N. C., City And County-seat Of Buncombe County, On The Southern Railroad, Near The French Broad Riv Er, 275 Miles West Of Raleigh. It Is In A Tobac Co-growing And Market Garden Region, Famous For Its Fruit, Especially Apples; And It Is Widely Famed As A Winter And ...
Asia
Asia, Central, A Designation Loosely Ap Plied To That Enormous Region Of Asiatic Ter Ritory Lying Between The Altai Mountains And The Persian Gulf, And Includes Part Of Siberia, All Turkestan, Afghanistan, Baluchistan And Part Of Persia. Humboldt's Definition Of Cen Tral Asia Gave That Name To The Khanates Of ...
Asia
Asia, The Largest Of The Five Continental Divisions Of The Earth, Lying Eastward Of The Eu Ropean And African Continents, And Separated From The American Continent By Bering Strait And The Pacific Ocean. It Is Wholly Within The Northern Hemisphere, But Some Of The Adja Cent Islands Extend South Of ...
Asia Minor
Asia Minor ("asia The Lesso). Mod Ern Anatolia Is The Extreme Western Peninsula Projection Of Asia, Forming ,part Of Turkey In Asia. The Name Is Not Very Ancient; Orig Inally The Greeks Seem By Asia To Have Meant Only The Western Part Of Asia Minor, But With Their Geographical Knowledge ...
Asiatic Societies
Asiatic Societies, Learned Associa Tions Formed For The Purpose Of Collecting And Disseminating Valuable Information Respecting The Different Countries Of Asia. The Royal Asiatic Society Of Great Britain And Ireland Was Established 19 March 1823. With It In 1828 Was Connected A Very Active Translation Committee Which Publishes English, French ...
Aske
Aske, Robert, English Rebel: D. 1537. He Was Of An Old Yorkshire Family. He Be Came An Attorney And Fellow At Gray's Inn. Little Of His Personal History Is Known, Except In Connection With The Insurrection Called The *pilgrimage Of Grace,* Which Began In Lincoln Shire In October 1536, As ...
Asparagus
Asparagus, A Genus Of About 150 Spe Cies Of Mostly Tuberous-rooted, Climbing, Droop Ing, Trailing Or Erect Perennial Herbs Or Shrubs Widely Distributed In Tropical And Warm Tem Perate Countries, Especially In Southern Europe And Southern Africa, But More Or Less Culti Vated For Food Or Ornament In All Civilized ...
Aspen
Aspen, Trees Of The Family Salicacetr And Genus Populus, Native Of The Cooler Parts Of Europe And Asia, And Best Upon Moist, Gravelly Soils. They Grow Quickly; Usually Attain A Height Of 50 To 60 Feet, Some Times Even 100 Feet; Have Light, Small, Thin, Toothed Leaf-blades Upon Long, Slender, ...
Asphalt
Asphalt. The General Term Asphalt Is Applied To The Several Varieties Of Hydrocarbons Of An Asphaltic Base Which Exist In All Condi Tions From The Liquid To The Solid State. It Is More Specifically Employed To Include The Purer Forms Of Hard And Soft Bitumen, Such As Elater Ite, Albertite, ...
Asphyxiating Gases
Asphyxiating Gases. The Employ Ment Of Asphyxiants As Special Munitions Of War In The Form Of Shells Or Other Projectiles, Which When Set Free Produce A Suffocating And Poisonous Effect, Is Not New. From The Earliest Times The Chinese Have Employed Various De Vices Of This Sort, And In Their ...
Aspiroz
Aspiroz, As-peroth, Manuel De, Mexi Can Soldier, Statesman And Diplomat: B. Puebla, 9 June 1836; D. Washington, D. C., 24 March 1905. He Was Graduated From The University Of Mexico In 1855, Was Licensed To Practise Law In 1863, But Upon The French Invasion Entered The Army. In The Juarez ...
Asquith
Asquith, Herbert Henry, English Statesman: B. Morley, Yorkshire, 12 Sept. 1852. He Was Educated At City Of London School, And Balliol College, Oxford, Of Which He Was A Distinguished Student. He Was Called To The Bar Of Lincoln's Inn In 1876; Early Took A High Place In His Profession, Was ...
Assam
Assam, A Chief-commissionership Of British India, On The Northeastern Border Of Bengal, Bounded On The North By The Eastern Section Of The Great Himalayan Range; On The Northeast By The Mishmi Hills, Which Sweep Round The Head Of The Brahmaputra Valley; On The East By The Mountains Inhabited By Kham ...
Assassination
Assassination, A Term Denoting The Murder Of Any One By Surprise Or Treachery. It Is Commonly Applied To The Murder Of A Public Personage By One Who Aims Solely At The Death Of His Victim. In Ancient Times, Assassination Was Often Even Applauded, As In The Scriptural Instances Of Ehud ...
Assault
Assault. In Law, An Assault Is A Move Ment Virtually Implying A Threat To Strike, As When A Person Raises His Hand Or His Cane In A Menacing Manner, Or Strikes At Another But Misses Him. It Is Not Needful To Touch One To Constitute An Assault. When A Blow ...
Assaying
Assaying, The Art Of Testing Ores Or Loys For The Purpose Of Determining The Amount Of Some Particular Metal That Is Present In The Material Analyzed. Assays May Be Made By °wet° Or °dry° Methods, And Will Vary Greatly In Detail, According To The Metal To Be Termined. The Present ...
Assemblages
Assemblages, General Theory Of. The Doctrine Variously Entitled Mengenlehre And Mannigfaltigkeitslehre By The Germans, Thiorie Des Ensembles By The French, And Sometimes Referred To In English As The Theory Or Doctrine Of Manifolds Or Aggregates Or By Other Analogous Designations. Many Of Its Ideas Are At Least As Ancient As ...
Assembly
Assembly, Right Of. The First Amend Ment To The Constitution Of The United States Provides That "congress Shall Make No Law Abridging The Right Of The People Peaceably To Assemble And To Petition The Government For A Redress Of Grievances?) This Guaranty Is Con Tained Also In The Various State ...
Assessment
Assessment Is The Determining Of The Value Of A Man's Property Or Occupation For The Purpose Of Levying A Tax. Determining The Share Of A Tax To Be By Each Individual. Laying A Tax. Adjusting The Shares Of A Con Tribution By Several Toward A Common Beneficial Object According To ...
Assignment
Assignment, A Term Denoting A Trans Fer By Deed Of Any Property, Or Right, Title Or Interest In Property,. Real Or Personal. Assign Ments Are Usually Given For Leases, Mortgages, And Funded Property. In The United States, As Signment Is Of Broader Signification And Applies Also To The Transfer Of ...
Associated Press
Associated Press, A Organization Formed To Gather News For The Daily Papers. Even Before The Civil War The New York Newspapers Realized That Each Was Paying Large Sums Of Money For News That Was Accessible To All. Accordingly Provision Was Made For A Joint Agency Which Acted As A Sort ...
Association Of Ideas
Association Of Ideas, A Phrase Current In Philosophy And Psychology Since The Days Of John Locke. The Term Aassociation" Has Had, In This Connection, Many Different Meanings. In Popular Psychology, It Indicates The Way The Mind Passes From Idea To Idea; Or The Way One Idea Suggests Or ((reproduces) Another. ...
Assouan
Assouan, 4-swan', Or Assuan, Also Called Aswan (arabic Al Suaan, °the Opening," That Is, Of The Nile; The Ancient Syene, Whence The Red Granite Of The Vicinity— From Whose Famous Quarries Were Cut Under The Earliest Dynasties So Many Of The Huge Obelisks And Colossal Statues That Adorned The Temples ...
Assyria
Assyria (the Asshur Of The Hebrews, Athurd Of The Ancient Persians), The Ancient Name Of A Portion Of Mesopotamia, Lying Main Ly Between The Euphrates And The Tigris, The Seat Of The Earliest Recorded Monarchy. In The Earliest Times It Was Probably Limited To The Low Lying Tract Between The ...
Assyriology
Assyriology. Assyriology May Be Defined As That Department Of Study And In Vestigation Which Embraces Within Its Realm The Country, People, Languages, Literature And His Tory Of Ancient Mesopotamia, Babylonia And So Much Of Adjoining Countries As Shared In The Life Of The Semitic Valley-peoples Prior To 538 Lc. The ...
Asteroids
Asteroids, A Group Of Small Planetary Bodies Known Also As Minor Planets Which Revolve Round The Sun Between The Orbits Of Mars And Jupiter. The Most Remarkable Feature Of These Bodies Is That They Occupy A Vacant Place In The Solar System In Which A Planet Would Naturally Belong. Between ...
Asthma
Asthma, As'ma, Or Az'rna, A Disorder Of Respiration Characterized By More Or Less Severe Paroxysms Of Difficult Breathing Accompanied By Coughing, Wheezing And, In Severe Attacks, By Slight Asphyxia. The Attacks Usually Come On Suddenly, Last From A Few Minutes To Many Hours And Are Generally Followed By Complete Relief, ...
Astigmatism
Astigmatism, A Defect Of Vision In Which The Rays Of Light Do Not Converge To A Single Point On The Retina. It Is Usually Due To Irregularities In The Curvature Of Either The Cornea Or The Crystalline Lens, Or Of Both, So That Rays Refracted In One Meridian Are Brought ...
Astor
Astor, John Jacob, American Merchant: B. Waldorf, Baden, Near Heidelberg, 17 July 1763; D. 29 March 1848. He Came To America In 1783, Where His Elder Brother Had Settled And Invested His Savings In The Fur Trade. In 1784 He Went With A Cargo Of Furs To London; Sold Them ...
Astor_2
Astor, William Backhouse, American Merchant And Capitalist, Eldest Son Of John Jacob Astor: B, New York, 19 Sept. 1792; D. 24 Nov. 1875. He Was Trained In His Father's Busi Ness In The Intervals Of Public School Educa Tion; And The Father Is Said To Have Remarked That Ewilliam Would ...
Astoria
Astoria, Ore., City, Port Of Entry And Seat Of Clatsop County, On The Columbia River, Nine Miles From Its Mouth, And 101 Miles By The Astoria & C. Ft Railroad From Portland. Sev Eral Foreign Steamship Lines Touch Here, The Largest Vessels Coming Up To Its Five Miles Of Water ...