Arthurian Romances

arthur, london, boston and times

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There is little consistency in the legends grouped about the figure of Arthur. Not only were episodes altered at will, but the concep tions of the characters of prominent persons vary in different versions. As the taste of the times changed, one hero displaced another, and one set of romances drove others out of vogue. In the Grail romances, for example, the earlier heroes Gawain and Perceval were supplanted in times of greater insistence upon purity by the stainless, but less virile Galahad. Lancelot and Merlin were particularly popular in later days. Still further changes have been introduced in modern times. The Queene' of Spen ser, which presents Arthur as the ideal type of manhood, bears little resemblance to earlier portraits of the hero. It is well known that Milton projected an epic on the story of Arthur before turning to the composition of Lost.' The most important effort of modern times to reproduce Arthurian legend is perhaps Tennyson's of the These are based mainly on Malory, but the poet allowed himself much freedom both in episode and characterization. Swinburne, Matthew Arnold, William Morris and others have rendered sev eral of the old stories into verse. In foreign countries the Arthurian material has enjoyed considerable popularity. Especially noteworthy are Wagner's music-dramas, and (Tristan and Isolde.' See MAHINOGIQN; AVA LON ; TRISTAN.

Bibliography.— Sommer, (M orte d'Ar thur (3 vols., 1889-91) ; Comfort, (Vol. I, London 1907); Rhys, in the Ar thurian Legend' (Oxford 1891) ; Zimmer, H., (Nennius Vindicatus' (Berlin 1893) ; Fletcher, The Arthurian Material in the Chronicles' (Boston 1906) ; Guest, (Lady) Charlotte, (Translation of the Mabinogion); MacCallum, (Tennyson's Idylls of the King' (Glasgow 1894) ; Maclean, (The Literature of the Celts' (London 1902) ; Maynadier, 'The Arthur of the English Poets' (Boston 1907) ; Jones, W. Lewis, (King Arthur in History an Legend' (Cambridge 1911) ; Paris, Gaston, (Histoire litteraire de la 'France' (Vol. XXX, Paris 1:::) ; Porkorny, 'Der Ursprimg der Arthur sage' (Vienna 1909) ; Nutt, 'Celtic and Medim val Romance' (London 1899) ; Newell, 'King Arthur and the Table Round' (Boston 1897) ; Forster, W. (editor), 'Works of Chrestien de Troyes' (Halle 1884-99) ; Ward, 'Catalogue of Romances in the Department of Manuscripts in the British Museum) (Vol. I, London 1883) ; Saintsbury, 'Flourishing of Romance' (New York 1897); Schofield, 'English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer' (New York 1906) ; Skene, 'Four Ancient Books of Wales' (Edinburgh 1868) ; Brown, A. C. L., A Study in the Origins of Arthurian Romance' (Boston 1902).

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