AUGURS. See AUGURIES AND AUSPICES.
AUGUST, ou'giist, the name of man August, ou'giist, the name of man princes of the German principalities: (1) AUGUST WILHELM, Prince of Prussia, brother of Frederick the Great and general in the Prus sian army: b. Berlin, 9 Aug. 1722; d. 12 June 1758. He took an active part in the Silesian campaign, and distinguished himself at the battle of Hohenfriedberg (in June 1745), but owing to the fatal retreat of Zittau, in 1756, he incurred the displeasure of his brother, and withdrew from the army. This conflict between the two brothers led to a correspondence, which was published in 1769. (2) 'AUGUST EMIL LEOPOLD, Duke of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg, successor to the throne, 20 April 1804. He was twice married, and the first marriage left him issue, one daughter, who became the reigning Duchess of Saxe-Coburg, and died in 1822. By the second marriage he had no children, and on his death he was succeeded on the throne by his brother, Frederick IV, with whose decease, 11 Feb. 1825, the line of Saxe Gotha became extinct. Duke August Emil Leopold was a favorite of Napoleon, and his duchy enjoyed perfect immunity from the burdens of French invasions and French wars. He was a man of taste and considerable literary talent. (3) AUGUST FRIEDRICH WILHELM HEIN RICH, Prince of Prussia: b. 19 Sept. 1790; d. 19 July 1843, in Bromberg; the son of Prince August Ferdinand, the brother of Frederick the Great, who died in 1813. He was considered one of the richest men in Prussia, and left various children by morganatic marriages. He took an active part in the campaign against Napoleon in 1806, by whom he was taken prisoner, and de tained in Paris until after the Peace of Tilsit. On his return to Prussia in 1813, he resumed his duties in the Prussian army, fought at Dres den. Ulm and Leipzig, distinguished himself during the campaign of 1814, on various occa sions, and bore throughout his life the character of a gallant soldier and an upright man. (4) AUGUST PAM, FRIEDRICH. Grand Duke of Olden
burg: h.. 1783; d. 27 Feb. 1853; mounted the throne 21 May 1829, under the title of grand duke, which had been conferred upon his fam ily by the Congress of Vienna; but of which his father had never availed himself. When Oldenburg was invaded by the French, in 1811, he accompanied his father to Russia, where his younger brother (b. 1784, d. 1812) was married to the Grand Duchess Catharine. He distin guished himself in the Russian War, and in 1813 was appointed governor of Revel. His reign, after his return to Oldenburg, was marked by political and material progress. In 1830 he con cluded a treaty with Prussia for the annexation of Birkenfeld to the Prussian-Hessian Zollve rein, and a reciprocal treaty of navigation. In 1836 he prevailed upon Hanover and Bruns wick to make satisfactory arrangements for the regulation of excise duties. In 1831 he laid the foundation for a constitution of Oldenburg, which was ratified in 1848, and which, although modified in 1852, still secures much civil and re ligious freedom to the people. In 1817 he married the Princess Adelaide of Anhalt-Bern burg, who died in 1820, leaving him two daugh ters, Frederica and Amalie; the latter, in 1830, married King Otho of Greece. In 1825 he mar ried the sister of his first wife, Ida, who died in 1828, having borne him a son. In 1831 he mar ried, for the third time, Cecilia, youngest daugh ter of the former King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus IV, who died in 1844, leaving a son. He was succeeded by his first son, Nicholas Frederick Peter, Grand Duke of Oldenburg.
AUGUST, the eighth month of our year, August, the eighth month of our year, named by the Roman Emperor Augustus after himself, being associated with several of his vic tories and other fortunate events. Before this it was called Sextilis or the sixth month (count ing from March). July had been named for Julius Casar, and the Senate, to gratify Augus tus, decreed that August should have equal length, taking a day from February.