Spurzheim classified these faculties, propen sities and other characters as follows: Phrenology was popular during the middle of the 19th century, hut suffered from the lack of true science displayed by many of its advo cater, who assumed altogether too much for it, and made money out of it by charting heads of those interested at from 50 cents to $5 per chart. The most necessary thing for a professor of phrenology was a happy faculty of flattering everybody, and the more they flattered the more people paid to have their heads charted, to get information as to their characteristics. A few men of large perception, like the late Nelson A. Sizer, gave value for the examinations they made, but they appear to have used phys iognomy to assist them, and to have been also very shrewd observers, discovering characteris tics in half a dozen ways, besides examining the skulls of their subjects. Another blow was given phrenology as anatomy advanced. The study of the brain functions on the dissecting table did not carry out all the assumptions of the phrenologists; the colleges refused to teach it as a science, and it gradually fell into desuetude. Yet there seems to have been a mistaken haste in condemning phrenology. Like chiropractic science,— which was de veloped by non-scientific men, until the scientific had to take it up and acknowledge its many virtues — phrenology contains truths that should not be overlooked. Herbert Spen cer emphasizes these: "No physiologist can long reject the conviction that different parts of the cerebrum subserve different kinds of mental ac tion. Localization of function is the law of all organization; separateness of duty is univer sally accompanied with separateness of struc ture, and it would be marvelous were an ex ception to exist in he cerebral hemispheres. . . . These more or less distinct kinds of psy chical activity must be carried on in more or less distinct parts of the cerebral hemisphere.° Dr. Bernhard Hollander investigated the sub ject at great length, and endeavored to find proof in hospital records, finally giving his attention mainly to cases of mental disease and injury, and the effects on the areas of the brain.
After an examination of hundreds of cases, which he cites in his book, 'The Mental Func tions of the Brain,' he concludes: "(1) Melan cholia is especially associated with injury or disease of the parietal lobe of the brain. (2) Mania furiosa is especially associated with in jury or diseases of the central portion of the temporal lobe. (3) Mania with suspicions and delusions of persecution is especially associated with injury and disease of the posterior por tion of the temporal lobe." Dr. Hollander dep recates the false notion of "bumps" and "de pressions" of the skull as indications of facul ties, while claiming that the general develop ment of certain areas is evidence of certain characteristics; and this is borne out by com mon observation. No one of any fair degree of observation on being shown the portraits of the philosopher Emerson, the prizefighter John L. Sullivan, and the capitalist Andrew Carnegie could fail to decide at once which was which. Prizefighters have big thick strong back-heads; unselfish philosophers have small back-heads, but very high heads; while accumulating busi ness men have broad faces, and usually heads long from front to rear, rather than long in height. Some men have a special ability for judging of the character of men applying for employment, and putting the right men in the right places — they are natural phrenologists; but it must be admitted that they use other means than examining the heads of applicants. Phrenology was disowned by science because too much was claimed for it, and too much ex pected. Like physiognomy (q.v.) it is a valuable aid to estimating character.
Bibliography.— Gall and Spurzheim, omie et Physiologic du Systeme Nerveux' (1810-19) ; Gall, (Des Dispositions billies de l'Ame et de l'Esprit' (1812); Sewall, (An Ex amination of (1837) ; Fowler, 'Phrenology and Physiology) (1844) ; Wundt, W., der Physiologischen Psy chologie' (Leipzig 1888) ; Donaldson. (The Growth of the Brain) (1898) ; Barker. 'The Nervous System' (1899) ; Hollander, Mental Functions of the Brain' (1901) ; Phrenology' (1902), and the files of the Phrenological Journal.