POPE, John, American soldier: b. Louis ville, Ky., 16 March 1822; d. Sandusky, Ohio, 23 Sept. 1892. He was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1842, was assigned to the topographical engineers, served in Florida in 1842-44, in 1846 the United States Army in Mexico during its ad vance on Monterey, was brevetted captain, and in 1849 conducted the exploring expedition which opened up Minnesota and demonstrated the navigability of the Red River of the North. In 1853 he was in New Mexico, employed in surveys for the projected Pacific Railway; and in 1854-59 explored the plains and the Rocky Mountains, being the first to experiment in the irrigation of arid western tracts by means of artesian wells. After his return from these duties, he criticized the policy of President Buchanan in a lecture delivered at Cincinnati in February 1861 and for this action was sum moned to a court-martial. The trial was, how ever, dropped. Made brigadier of volunteers in May 1861, he was assigned to command in Missouri, quickly organized at Commerce, Mo., an army of about 12,000 and in March 1862 effected the capture of New Madrid and Island No. 10. He was promoted major-general of
volunteers and made brigadier-general in the regular army. He was then placed in com mand of the Army of Virginia and fought the battles of Cedar Mountain and the second Bull Run. In the latter he was badly worsted by °Stonewallp Jackson (q.v.) and on his return to Washington requested to be relieved from his command. He was thereupon transferred to the Department of the Northwest, where he directed a campaign against the Sioux; and in 1865 was appointed to the command of the military division of the Missouri ; subsequently made the Department of the Missouri. Later he was in command of various military districts, of the Department of the Lakes and that of the Pacific and in March 1866 was retired with rank of major-general. From his defeat in the second battle of Bull Run developed the trial, conviction and subsequent restoration of Gen. Fitz John Porter (q.v.). He published 'Ex plorations from the Red River to the Rio Grande' (in Railroad Reports' vol. III) ; and 'The Campaign of Virginia, of July and August 1862) (1865).