Banking.—The Government financial institu tion is the Bank of Portugal, which has branches in 22 cities. Taking the last nor mal year (1914) as the fairest statement the annual transactions are about 1,205, 000,000 escudos ($1,301,000,000), and the cash on hand— gold 8,505,000; silver, 3,563,000; nickel, 104,000; copper, 13,517 escudos. Bills discounted, 66,000,000; loans, 2327,000 escudos. There are 18 other banks, with 47,000,000 escu dos capital, and deposits of 30,000,000 escudos.
Army and Navy.— The army consists of about 30,000 men on the peace footing and 175,000 on a war footing. Compulsory service was introduced in 1895, and all above 21, with certain exceptions, are liable to serve three years with the flag, five in the first reserve, and seven in the second. The reserve army, which was mustered during the World War, consisted of 35 regiments of infantry, eight squadrons of cavalry and 24 field batteries. The military bugdet for 1915-16 was over $100,000,000, to which was added $42,000,000 for extraordinary expenses. The navy consists of five protected cruisers, some old gunboats, five destroyers, four torpedo boats, three submarines, etc., with a program for constructing three more cruisers, three dreadnoughts, 12 destroyers and six sub marines.
Ethnology.— The Portuguese are a mixed race-originally Iberian or Basque, with later Celtic admixture. Galician blood (derived from the ancient Gallaici, presumably Gallic in vaders) predominates in the north; Jewish and Arabic blood are strongly present in the centre, and African in the south. The Portuguese dif fer essentially from their Spanish brethren, whom they regard with inveterate hatred and jealousy, mainly on account of their past at tempts to subvert the independence of Portugal. They are short of stature, have a long cranial index, dark hair and olive skin. The opinions of observers differ as to the national traits of the people. 'They are, however, generally sober, good-natured, obliging and patriotic, but shift less and not over-clean.
Population.— At the last census there were 2,828,691 males and 3,131,365 females. The urban population was 32.4 per cent and the rural 67.6 per cent of the total. The foreign population in 1911 numbered 41,197, comprising 20,517 Spaniards, 12,143 Brazilians, 2,576 Eng lish, 1,832 French and 1,645 Armenians. The
rate of illegitimate births is 12.5 per cent Of the total births. In 1914 there were 193,942 births, 117,967 deaths and 41,724 marriages. In the same year 25,722 persons emigrated chiefly to Brazil and the United States.
The following table gives the population at the census of 1900 and 1911. The Azores and Madeira are regarded as an integral part of the republic: Religion, Education.— The state religion was that of the Catholic Church, which largely prevails, though toleration is extended to all other creeds. There are three ecclesiastical provinces presided over by the cardinal patriarch of Lisbon, the archbishop of Braga, who is primate of the kingdom, and nhe archbishop of Evora; these dignitaries rule over 14 bishops. The monasteries were dissolved in 1834, their properties, yielding about 1,000,000 sterling an nually, being appropriated by the state. Their books were collected, and form a library of 30,000 volumes at Lisbon. There are only about 5000 Protestants, mostly foreigners, and 500 Jews. Education is superintended by a council, at the head of which is the Minister of the Interior, and is entirely free from the super vision and control of the Church. Compulsory education was enacted in 1844, but was far from being fully enforced, until the republic took it up actively in 1911. In 1913 there were 5,563 public elementary schools and 31 second ary schools, the teachers being:trained in the uni versities (three in number), of Lisbon, Coimbra and Oporto. The secondary schools had 11,000 students in 1916 and the universities over 3,000. There are also numerous private schools; poly technic academies at Lisbon and Oporto; and clerical, medical, agricultural, naval and military training-schools. The university at Coimbra (established 1290), one of the oldest in Europe, has five faculties, 75 professors and about 900 students.
Judiciary and Local For judicial purposes Portugal is divided into 193 comarcas, each having a court of first instance. There are appeal courts at Lisbon, Oporto and Punta Delgada (in the Azores) ; and a Supreme Court at Lisbon. For the purposes of local government the six provinces of continental Portugal are subdivided into 17 districts, and the insular province into four, the Azores three, and Madeira one.