• Industries.—Among the industries of .Ra anna are .lace manufacture; silk. raising,' wine manufacture, grape growing spinning, weaving' The raising of grain fruit,. fishing and the making of glass, •hatiser, bricks, musical and agricultural implements have tended "lately to' increase the .commercial activity of the city.
History.— Ravenna is one of the most any bleat cities of Italy. Pliny says it was Sabina.In.1911..a.c. at became part Roman ' dominions in Cisalpina.: Augustus made Ravenna one:of the important stations for his fleet, and by turning a branch of the Po through the 'city . on its way to the Adriatic, increased: the .port facilities so as 'to accommodate a very considerable portion of the •upper 'seas fleet, which was apparently tun posed of vessels' of lighter draught, for we are assured that its situation cm the •sea' the devious nature of the water-ways leading to •it and their shallowness made it almost ins For 'this . reason and its 'apparent fulness it was the residence of numerous almerorsi.amongrtherti made his final stand against Theodorie;theleader of the Ostrogoths, suataining o siege of three years conducted' from -land and sea.. •• A few days after his surrender:he 'was murdered by Theo. desk, whet inadallarenna his official residence in 493. During the fah:wirer 33 •years of his reign Thendoisc lavished? all !Ws-care on Ra Venn* :inaking.it one. of tire. most •noted cities in his dimming, and th•prideof the Goths, who attained dieir. pbwer there fin. many •years after
they • had lost.Rome.. Ib 539 Bielisaritis &m attered Ravouna and added it 'to the. Roman Feinpire.of jut which formed a part of his Byzantine dominions, and to Which it was destined 'to remain joined fdr over 200 years, as the 'centre of 'Byzantine :power in Aistulf the LOsabard:captured Ravenna in 7Y1 hat aeon ,10311 it to th• Prankish- king Pepin. Ia the 13th century. it. Mid surrounding ottuntry becatne: independent -republiC; but was afterward _subjected suireassively to the •lentani; the Venetian and the pand authori ties,. remaining. finally: tort .-of the papal see from .1509 to 1899, stake time it his formed a part. of .the Italian union: 131bliograPhy,.- A(nvudlus, (Libor •Pontifica. tis Ecclerine* .Revennatts)' (written -about 040)1 Men and. (Cities Northern Italy) ..i(Boaton 1906)' Blaishfiekl, . (Italian Cities'' (New York 1912); Bormann, 'Corpus Ihscript) (Berlin 1888) ; Diehl, 'Ravenne, etudes d'archeologie byzantine) (Paris 1855) ; Goetz, 'Ravenna) (Leipzig 1901) ; Gregorovius, 'Wanderjahre in Italien' (Vol. IV, Leipzig 1892) ; Gsell-Fels, 'Oberitalien and Mittelita lien) (Leipzig 1912) ; Pasolini dall' Onda, 'Ra venna e le sue grandi memorie) (Rome 1912) , Ricci, (Bergamo 1902) ; Rivoira,' 'Origini 'Architettura Lombarda' (Rome 1901) ; Quast. 'Die altchristlichen Bauwerke Von Ravenna) (Berlin 1842).