RICHARD I, king of England: b. Oxford, 8 Sept. 1157 ; d. Chaluz, France, 6 April 1199. Be was the 3d son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and while an infant was betrothed to Alice,• a daughter of Louis VII of France. Made duke of Aquitaine in boyhood, he took part in the rebellion of his brothers against his father, who at different times attempted to deprive Richard of his pos sessions, and even planned to exclude him from the succession to the Crown in favor of the younger son John. In 1189, in conjunction with Philip .Augustus of. France, he waged war on his father and compelled Henry II to acknowl edge his right to the throne. Two days after the conclusion of peace Henry II died at Chinon (6 July 1189). In September he was crowned king at Westminster and immediately began preparations for a crusade to the Holy Land, in fulfilment of a vow made two years before. To raise money for the expedition he sold fiefs and offices, surrendered to William the Lion of Scotland the suzerainty over that country, and increased the. burden of taxation. Pro ceeding through France he joined the army of the French king at Messina, where he be came involved in a conflict with Tancreding E of Sicily, in the course of which the king made himself master of Messina. The intrigues of Philip Augustus brought on enmity between the two sovereigns and Richard repu diating his betrothed, Alice, sister of the French king, secured the hand of Berengaria of Navarre, who joined him at Cyprus, where they were married. After he had conquered the island and seized its treasures he joined the crusading army before Acre (8 June 1190). Between the English and the French bitter feelings now prevailed and at one time hostili ties were threatened. Acre, nevertheless, was taken by the crusaders, and in August Philip sailed for Europe. War with Saladin (q.v.) was renewed on account of Richard's atrocious massacre of 2,700 Mohammedan prisoners. At Arsuf, 7 Septembpr, Richard won a decisive victory and in spite of prolonged negotiations moved on Jerusalem, arriving in December 1191 within a very short distance of the city. He fell hack to Ascalon, where the contest between Guy of Lusignan and Conrad of Monferrat for the kingdom of Jerusalem was productive of dissensions among the crusaders. A second
advance on Jerusalem met with ill success and in August 1192 Richard concluded a three years' truce with Saladin and left the Holy Land, having made no conquest beyond that of Acre. Shipwrecked in the Adriatic, he at tempted to make his way disguised through Germany, but was taken prisoner near Vienna by his enemy, the Duke of Austria, who handed him over to the emperor. Brought before the imperial diet, Richard pledged himself to a ran som of 150,000 marks and received his English kingdom as a fief from the emperor. The in fluence of the French king and Richard's own brother was effectual in prolonging the English king's imprisonment. Liberated in March 1194 he landed in England in the same month and was crowned a second time. John was forced to submit and Richard, collecting all the money he could for a war with Philip of France, sailed for Normandy in May. The contest which dragged on for five years presents little that is noteworthy, and in January 1199 peace was made. While besieging the castle of Chains, held by a vassal with whom Richard disputed the possession of a newly found treasure, the king was wounded by an arrow and died In his tent. Richard I owes his fame to the giafnor with which legend has surrounded his name as the typical warrior of the Middle Ages. As a king he did nothing for England; his great passion was war, and the only re deeming features in a character of violence and ferocity are a certain naive magnanimity and the splendid courage which gained him even in his lifetime the title of Cceur de Lion, ((Lion hearted.* The legend which recounts how Richard immured in an Austrian prison was discovered by his favorite minstrel, Blondel, who had wandered throughout Europe singing his songs outside of castle walls, dates from the second half of the 13th century. Richard figures prominently in Scott's 'Ivanhoe) (1820) ; and 'The Talisman) (1825), and in Maurice Hew lett's 'Richard Yea and Nay.> Consult Stubbs, 'Early Plantagenets) (5th ed., 1886) ; Norgate, 'History of the Angevin Kings' (1887); Archer, 'Crusade of Richard P (1889) ; Round, 'Feudal England) (1895) ; Stubbs,- 'Constitu tional History of England,) Vol. 1 (6th ed., 1897).