Certificates signed by the examining board of three professors are given to the student for each subject he passes; the three passing grades are "approved," "honorable mention" and ((excellent," and the certificates are marked accordingly. A student who' receives "excel lent" (sobresaliente) in his subjects is entitled to the remission of part of his fees for the following academic year. All students, official and free, pay about 35 pesetas ($6.65) for each subject in which they are examined. Students particularly successful :n their university work are sometimes, but not always, granted gov ernment grants for study abroad. According to a royal decree of 19 Sept. 1913 "titles which in their respective countries give the holder entrance without examination into the univer sities will he valid in Spain." Owing to Spain's refusal hitherto to recognize foreign degrees, many thousands of students from Latin Amer ica are studying in other lands. Since 1902 the Spanish government has sent scholars, teachers and professors to foreign countries to study. Since 1910 there has existed a Board of Scientific Research (Junta para am pliacion de estudios), which connects the work done abroad with the organization of new laboratories in Spain, and publishes works showing the results obtained. This board has started the foundation of Halls of Residence for students where an important educational and a certain amount of scientific work is done. This board expends about 800,000 pesetas ($154 000) per annum. A Hall of Residence for women students was opened in Madrid in 1916.
The government spends about $8,000,000 an nually on its primary school system. There are 26,108 public and 5,669 private schools, the total number of pupils being 2,604,308. There are 58 institutes or middle-grade schools with 52,015 pupils. The 11 universities are attended by 32,683 students. The educational system and fine arts departments cost the government $15,000,000 in 1918.
Religion.— The state religion is Roman Catholic. The Church is governed by 9 arch bishops and 47 bishops, hut two of the former and five of the latter have their dioceses be yond sea. The number of parishes is about 20,498. In 1837 all the convents of monks, with a few exceptions, were suppressed and their revenues, subject 'to a provision for existing members, confiscated to the state. At the period of extinction the number of convents was 1,940, with 30,906 monks; there are still 790 convents with 9,339 monks and 3,010 with 39,709 nuns. Since the last revolution toleration of all denominations has been decreed. The whole population of Spain is Roman Catholic, except about 30,000 of whom 7,000 are Protes tants and 4,000 Jews, Rationalists, etc. The State supports the clergy of whom there are over 35,000. About $8,000,000 are expended an nually for this purpose. Relations between Church and State are regulated by the Con cordat of 1851.
Army and Navy.— Military service is com pulsory. The total term of service extends over 18 years. According to the law enacted in
1912 this period is divided into: one year, Re clutas en Caja (recruits in deposit) ; three years, active army (first standing); five years, active army (second standing) ; six years, re serve; and three years, territorial reserve. A general army staff was created in January 1916. For army administrative purpose, Spain is divided into eight territorial districts, each under a captain-general. District one to six inclusive each furnish two divisions, the dis tricts seven and eight, one division. A divi sion comprises two infantry brigades, each con sisting of two regiments of three battalions, one regiment of cavalry, and one regiment of field artillery of six batteries. Batteries have four guns. The peace establishment of the army was fixed at 190,228 men of all ranks for 1918. In addition to the organization out lined above, which would develop a war strength of about 1,400,000, there are the Guardia Civil and the Carabineros. The former is a police force, and the latter a species of coast guard or revenue police. The Guardia has a strength of 18,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry; the Carabin eros 13,000 infantry and about 500 cavalry. Outside of Spain there are three military dis tricts — Morocco, the Balearic Islands and the Canaries. In the two last-named the forces are recruited from the islanders but in Morocco the troops are Spanish and are always on a war footing. The African (Morocco) estab lishment totals about 70,000 men. The Mauser 275, model of 1893 is the infantry arm. Schneider Canet 14V2 pr. of 19.106 that of the field artillery.
There is a military aviation school at Cuatro \lentos. near Madrid. There are military wireless stations at Carabanchel (range 540 miles), Barcelona (430 miles), Melilla, Centa, Tetuan, Bilbao, Valencia (of 320 miles each), Almeria, Larache (220 miles each), Mahon (Baleares) and Coruna. The military budget for 1918 aggregated $53,000,000, of which about $20,000,000 was for the Moroccan establish ment.
The old navy was about totally destroyed or captured in the war with the United States, but in recent years naval construction has somewhat reinstated Spain in her old position. The navy at present has three dreadnoughts of 15,460 tons displacement each and are armed with eight 12-inch, 20 4-inch and six smaller rifles, also two torpedo tubes. The horse power of each vessel is 15,500 and the speed 195/2 knots per hour. There is also one old battleship, the Pelayo of 9,890 tons. There are seven cruisers, totaling 33,000 tons, also 13 destroyers and 24 modern torpedo boats, and a few gunboats. In 1915 a new construction program was inaugurated calling for four cruisers, six destroyers, 28 submarines, three gunboats, 18 coast-defense vessels, submarine mines, repair docks, etc., at a cost of $55,000, 000 to be completed in six years. Spain has 10 submarines. The strength of the navy • in 1918 was fixed at 11,091 sailors, 4,190 marines and 1,662 officers.