Dried bladders are used as containers for putty and certain other dried tissues as gold beaters' skins, snuff containers, covers for per fume bottles and as tissue from which balloon envelopes are made.
From the intestines of the sheep many varie ties of the best violin and other musical strings are made, the traditional cat gut being a mis nomer. Strings for various other purposes are also made, including tennis strings, drum snares, clock cords and surgical ligature.
Novelties Made from Horns, Hoofs and The horns and hoofs of cattle are softened by steam, split open and flattened out into plates. From these plates are stamped combs, .hairpins, napkin rings, buttons, buckles, knife handles, umbrella handles and other novelties. Black hoofs are also ground up and used as an ammoniate in the manufacture of fertilizer for the use of florists, grape growers and others. The shin bones of cattle are sawed into plates from which pipe bits, but tons, washers, electrical bushings, crochet hooks, chessmen and such articles are made. Soft bones, as well as hide trimmings and sinews. are rich in glue and are devoted to that pur pose, the residue being found valuable in the manufacture of fertilizers. The feet of calves and cattle also yield an article commercially known as neatsfoot oil.
More than 40 Medicinal One of the most important and highly scientific de partments to be considered in relation to the utilization of abattoir by-products is the phar maceutical laboratory. In this department, pep
sin in both tablet and liquid form is prepared from the stomach linings of the pig, and rennet, for the use of cheesemakers in the curdling of milk, from the true or fourth stomach of the calf. All told more than 40 medicinal agents are manufactured from the various glands and membranes of cattle, sheep and hogs and sold only through the medical profession, among which, in addition to those already mentioned, are pancreatin, thyroids, benzoinated lard, suprarenals, pituitary liquid and ox gall.
Toilet and Laundry Soaps and Glycerin. — The manufacture of soaps however, is per haps the most familiar example of abattoir by products in i the whole list. Soaps are manu factured in infinite variety and on an enormous scale and Chicago soaps, both laundry and toilet varieties, are attaining a degree of perfection that is marveled at even in France. A by-prod uct of soap making is glycerin, which will be recognized by those who have witnessed the process of soapmalcing in their own homes in the clear reddish liquid which remains in the kettle after the solidified soap has been re moved. This glycerin, after being refined, is used as a vehicle in medicinal preparations. Its greatest use however, is in the manufacture of dynamite, nitroglycerin and other explosives.