Stock Raising.—Among domestic animals the horse, descended from breeds which the Moors had introduced, was long celebrated throughout Europe, but has in recent times de clined in reputation, though Andalusia still boasts of many fine animals. The mule is generally preferred to the horse, both for car riage and draft, and is extensively reared in New Castile. Both it and the ass are gen erally of a very superior description. Horned cattle are generally inferior and not numerous; only in a few districts are cows kept for dairy purposes; bulls, in great demand for thq na tional amusement of bull-fights, are reared in greatest perfection in Andalusia. The favor ite stock is the sheep, a considerable propor tion of which belongs to the celebrated Merino breed, to which almost all the other breeds of Europe are more or less indebted for im provement. Goats also are very numerous, and in their flesh, milk and cheese furnish the favor ite food of the inhabitants. Swine are kept in large herds in some parts of Estremadura and in some of the northern provinces, where they roam at large in the forests. See AGRI CULTURE section.
Manufactures, Mining, Commerce, etc.—In the Middle Ages the manufactures of Spain, particularly along the coasts of the Mediter ranean, were in a flourishing condition and found an extensive demand, particularly in the Levant and other parts of the East. With the expulsion of the Moors the branches which they had specially fostered sunk rapidly into decay and have never been revived. New de mands, however, arose in the West and Spain, as the mother country, reserving to herself the sole supply of the colonies, was able, for that purpose alone, to carry on a number of lucrative manufactures. The loss of these colonies, putting a sudden stop to the demand, was followed by their almost as sudden ex tinction. The circumstances of the country since have been the most unfavorable that can he conceived to the progress of any branch of regular industry and hence the only manu factures of any importance are to he found in a few of the larger towns, especially Barce lona. Spain is comparatively rich in minerals.
Iron is plentiful in Huelva, Navarre, Oviedo, Santander, Seville and Vizcaya; copper in COrdoba, Huelva and Seville; coal in Cordoba, Geronas, Leon, Oviedo and Valencia ; zinc in Guipitzcoa, Murcia, Santander and Vizcaya; cobalt in Oviedo; lead in Almeria Jaen and Murcia; manganese in Huelva, Oviedo and Seville; quicksilver in Ciudad Real and Oviedo; silver in Guadalajara; soda in Burgos and phos phorus in Caceres and Huelva. Platinum has also been found in small quantities. A recent industrial census showed 127,556 men, 3,917 women and 20,273 boys and girls under 18 employed in connection with the mining indus tries. In 1917 the total value of the mineral output was $97,692,858, made up as follows: There are large manufactures of cottons, Catalonia being the principal centre of this industry. There were reported at the last in dustrial census, 742 establishments employ ing 68,300 looms and with 2,614,500 spindles. The woolen industry occupies 8,800 looms and 662,000 spindles. There are 144 paper mills and 37 glass-making factories. Corks are also an important product. In a recent year 51,089 tons were manufactured having a value of about $9,000,000.
Imports in 1918 were valued at $121,970, 385 and the exports $189,585,420. In that year the chief classes of imports and exports were as follows: The value of all wine exported in 1918 was $18,625,685. In 1917 the United States was the leading country importing goods into Spain with a total value of $155,339,800. In the same year France took more Spanish goods ($117,653,600) than any other country. The United Kingdom was second with $40,413,000 and the United States third with $21,225,600. Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines also ($117,653,600) than any other country. The customs receipts and post dues amounted to $23,935,235 in 1918.
Art.— See SPANISH ART.
Language and Literature.— See SPANISH