The supreme' effect on European religion seems fantastic, hut is quite simple. The Ger man cities owed their prosperity and sometimes even sexistence largely to rehandling these goods' front the Italian ports. Now the Cape route was so much cheaper, through not having to break bulk and reload and freedom from land tolls, that from its discovery in 1498 the halo-German' route began to lose profit and its factors to be forced out of business. By 1520 the business depression became severe in Germany, and lust at this time of pinch came the exactions of the papacy for Saint Peter's. An explosion and revolt were probably not far distant in any from economic, political and moral reasons; but hard times acted as the final weight to release the lever.
a family (Malicia>) of small, spider-shaped crabs represented by many remarkable and strange forms, some of them of large size, which mostly inhabit relatively deep waters. The shell is generally very hard and on the body bears numerous spines and a prominent beaked process or rostrum in front.
The first pair of legs is sometimes larger than the other limbs and always bears pincers and the rudimentary abdomen possesses seven joints. Many species are found along the coasts of the United States. The best-known shallow-water forms on the Atlantic Coast are two species of Libinia (L. dubia and L. emarginata). The former is especially common along the shore south of Cape Cod and has the long rostrum deeply divided in front. They are sluggish creatures which make no effort to escape cap ture, but depend upon their hard covering for protection. Both species are scavengers and subsist upon all kinds of dead animal and vegetable matter. They conceal themselves by attaching sea-weeds, sponges, etc., to their backs, which growing as though fastened to stqnes afford them this additional protection. The females, with broad abdomens, are frequently found bearing eggs. The males are larger and often attain a foot in extent. A much smaller
flat-bodied species is Hyas coarctatus, very com mon among sponges hydroid and sea-weeds in both deep and shallow water. Lambrus pour talesii is remarkable for the great size of the first pair of legs as compared with the others. It is found in moderately deep water among rocks along most of the Atlantic Coast of the United States.
a South American monkey of the genus Ateles, so called from the great length .of the limbs, as compared with the body and the extraordinary agility of these animals in racing about the tree-tops; no monkeys excel them in adaptation to an arbo real life, in which they are especially assisted by the length and remarkable prehensile strength of their tails. Their structural resemblance to the langurs and other highly arboreal forms of the Old World is interesting; prominent among these is the absence or rudimentary con dition of the thumb, a member which is not of great service in swinging from limb to limb, when the tail serves as an effective means of grasping. The fur is usually black, but in some species gray, in one decidedly brown and in a few Central American species white on the under surfaces and dark above. They go about in small bands, make little noise and are often made captive and become confiding and agree able pets. Probably the best-known one is the red-faced spider monkey (A. paniscus), called coaita in Brazil, which has a rudiment of thumb, is very black and extremely intelligent. Although only about a foot in length its tail is twice as long. Others are the chameck (A. chameck), 20 inches In length, the sooty-black white-bellied marimonda (A. beelzebuth) of Brazil, the grizzled (A. grisescens) and the black, yellow and white variegated spider monkey (A. variegatus), which occurs in the highlands about the headwaters of the Amazon Valley. Consult Lydekker, 'Royal Natural His tory) (1895) ; Bates, 'Naturalist on the Ama zons) (1863).
See SCORPION-SHELL.