The base-burner has been in use for many years. one of the first to be constructed being the self-feeder, patented by Jordan L. Mott, Sr., of New York, in 1833; the plan of his stove being to feed the coal from a magazine to the firebox, and to use the chestnut size of anthracite coal. This was followed in 1852 by the self-feeding base-burning stove, and in 1862 by the "Morning Glory,/' both of which were the inventions of D. G. Littlefield of Al bany, N. Y.; then came the of Van Wormer & McGarvey of Albany, N. Y., and in 1863 the revertible-flue gas-burner with the magazine attachment, the production of Hailes and Treadwell, in Albany. Since then there have been innumerable styles of stoves introduced, with many more or less valuable changes and additions. The following are the most important of these: the base-burner hav ing a small mica window opposite the grate, by Hunt and Miller of Hudson (1865) ; the anti clinker direct draft base-burner, by James Spear of Philadelphia (1871) ; Side Burner," having a full mica section below and above the firepot, by W. J. Keep (1871) ; the (Argandp base-burner, a combination of the 'American" with an anti-clinker grate and the full double illumination, by Perry and Company of Albany (1873) ; the by Fuller, Warner and Company (1875) ; the by the Michigan Stove Company (1876) ; Keep's square-base and square-sided, round front and round firepot, called the (Art Garland," by the Michigan Stove Company (1884) ; the (Hub" base-burner, by Smith and Anthony of Boston (1884) ; the Keep "Reflector Art Garland," by the Michigan Stove Company (1887); and many other makes, including the oval sheet iron stove, known as the (Tamale," and the P. D. Beckwith (Oak" stove, having fluted fire pot, steel drum and airtight fittings.
In the cooking stove there has been as much change as in the stove used for purely heating purposes. The pioneer in this line was the James stove, a nine-plate, with the oven on the side of the stove. The next in succession was the Conant stove, invented in 1819, which had the oven directly over the firepot and doors at both ends, but as the fire underneath the oven heated the bottom too quickly, this style was soon abandoned. The Woolson stove of Claremont, N. H., hav ing the oven at the side, the heat being thrown under or over it by means of dampers, was next on the market, but as the fire caused the oven to bake more rapidly on the near side, the oven was next placed at the rear and above the boiler-holes. In 1833, Stanley invented the rotary cook stove, with the cook ing holes and firebox on the same level as the oven. The next step along progressive lines came in 1810-20, in shape of an oval stove, the invention of a Mr. Hoxie of Salis bury, Conn., in which the fire, having gone down the two end flues and met at the bottom, passed to the chimney through an aperture in the hearth of the fireTlace over which the stove was situated. P. P. Stewart patented two
stoves, one in 1828, the other in 1850, in the first of which the firebox was hung in the upper part of the oven, thus throwing off heat from three sides while the flame passed all around the oven on the outside and on the pipe collar on top of the stove. The latter, the large oven stove, had a sheet flue under neath with three flues at the rear. At about the same time, 1850, the curved plate which dumped the ashes from the grate into the pit in the hearth was invented by Samuel Pierce, and since then only minor changes have been made in construction, the water-tanks, reser voirs, grates, etc., being rearranged, various methods of open ventilation, return-flue con struction and different styles of ornamentation being introduced.
The improved kitchen cooking stove when of large size was named *range." A sheet-iron range, in which the grate containing the fire was suspended inside a sheet-iron casing, the heat thus coming from the fire direct, was placed on the market in Boston, in 1850, by a Frenchman named Gillette. About the same time a similar range was made in New York by Duparquet, Huot and Moneuse, but they later made a radical change in the construction by placing flues around the oven, as at present, and the oven was made a separate part of the construction. These two were followed, in 1885, by the wrought-iron range of John Van of Cincinnati, but with the many rapid advances made in the manufacture of steel, the use of wrought iron has largely given place to the use of blue polished steel and aluminum painted steel.
The manufacture of stoves is largely car ried on in the West—Ohio, Illinois and Michi gan being the largest producers. The earliest factories in the East where stoves were made exclusively were at Troy, Albany and New York. The West then began to loom, the first foundry being established in Detroit about 1830, known as the Hydraulic Iron Works, which was followed by Dwyer and Brother in 1861. This firm later became the Detroit Stove Works, which, in 1871, was followed by the Michigan Stove Company, and in 1881 by the Peninsula Stove Company and others. The competition thus engendered between western and eastern manufacturers soon led to the es tablishment of branch foundries by the eastern people in western cities, and Chicago became the centre of distribution. Later Ohio took the lead, and in 1915 one-fifth of the production of stoves and furnaces was in that State.• The statistics of the trade are meagre, but for the year 1900 the output of stoves was valued at $35,446,600, distributed through the States as follows: Pennsylvania, $5,209,000; Michigan, $4,935,000; New York, $4,913,700; Ohio, $4,384, 200; Illinois, $3,801,000; Massachusetts, $2,061, 800; Missouri, $1,921,000; Indiana, $1,439,500; Tennessee, $1,280,000; Kentucky, $1,044,000; Wisconsin, $972,000; etc.