During the following five years Swedberg wrote 21 separate treatises and works on vari ous scientific and practical subjects. Among these were descriptions of his own discoveries and inventions in science and the mechanic arts, as the construction of air-pumps, ear-tubes and flying machines, improvement in mining and smelting ores, the building of sluices and canals, the nature of fire and color, the manu facture of salt, the regulation of the coinage, and various astronomical, geological and mathe matical subjects, besides an important and orig inal little work on (Tremulation,' being a the ory of sensation in the human body. Up to this time Swedberg had written in Swedish for the most part, but afterward all his works were published in the Latin language.
In 1719, as above mentioned, the family was ennobled and took the name Swedenborg. Is 1721 Emanuel Swedenborg set forth again on a Continental tour of 15 months, publishing•the same year at Amsterdam treatises on (Chem istry,' on (Iron and Fire,' and astronomical and mechanical subjects. At Leipzig in 1722 he published his
In 1745 appeared at London his and Love of God,) the last of his publications previous to the opening of his spiritual sight, when he became a seer and revelator. He records three manifestations of the Lord to him calling him to his new office. The 'first was in 1743 in Amsterdam during a °preternatural sleep.* The second was at Delft in Holland in 1744 when, as he says, the Lord manifested himself in person and spoke with him. "It was a countenance with a holy expression, and such that it cannot be described; it was smiling, and I really believe that his countenance was such during his life upon earth.; The third appearance of the Lord to him, Swedenborg relates, was in 1745 in London when the Lord manifested himself again in per son, commissioning Swedenborg and calling him to the office of revealing the Doctrine of the New Jerusalem. ((From that day,' he says, "I gave up the study of all worldly science and labored in spiritual things, according as the Lord commanded me to write.* Then followed two years of preparation and illumination before it may be said that he was gifted with a full state of inspiration and a perception of the in most or celestial sense of the Word.
From 1748 to 1756 the 'Arcana Ccelestia> in eight vols., quarto, was published in London. This work, the first of Swedenborg's Theolog ical and Doctrinal series, sets forth the internal sense of Genesis and Exodus as it was revealed to him, he declares, immediately by the Lord alone. Then followed (1758) (Heaven and Hell,' describing the spiritual world and the life of man after death, as well the happy state of the blessed as the miserable lot of the infernal. In the same year appeared (The
White Horse' ; 'The Earths in the Universe> ; 'The Last Judgment' ; The New Jerusalem and its Heavenly Doctrine.> During 1757-59 Swedenborg was engaged upon an explanation of the spiritual sense of the Apocalypse, which work he left uncompleted after writing 1,992 pages. It was published in 1785-89. 'The Last Judgment> describes that event itself which, as he testifies, Swedenborg witnessed in the spirit ual world in 1757. The New Jerusalem and its Heavenly teaches that the New Jerusalem means the New Church now being established both in the natural and spiritual worlds, the doctrine of which is called Heav enly because it is received by angels and will be received on earth by men of angelic minds. In 1763 appeared 'The Four Doctrines of the New Jerusalem: The Lord, The Sacred Scripture, Life and Faith,' which as revealed in the Word are fundamental teachings of the Church; and 'The Divine Love and Wisdom> treating of the Lord as the Sun of heaven, the Creator of the Universe; of the nature of the Divine and its method and order in bringing ultimate finite and human creatures into existence and being. In 1764 'The Divine Providence> was published, showing how the created universe is perpet ually sustained and setting forth the laws of God by which he governs man in even the least things of his life to eternity. 'The Apocalypse Revealed' (1766), discloses the internal and real meaning of the °Apocalypse* or *Revela tion,* describing the New Jerusalem as to its quality of life among all who receive the Heav enly Doctrine in this world and by obedience to its teachings are inaugurated by the Lord into his New Church. 'Delights of Wisdom Concerning Conjugal Love> (1767-68) setting forth the laws of spiritual and eternal marriage which must exist between the souls of wedded consorts. Disclosing the insanities and horrors of adultery together with a prescription of laws for the preservation of the conjugal quality in the mind, in the heart and in the life of the man who is unmarried but who regards marriage as a heavenly and blessed estate and condition. 'The Brief Exposition of the Doctrine of the New Church' (1768-69) wherein is shown the utter variance of the theological dogmas pre vailing throughout what is known as the Chris tian world. both in the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, from the genuine doctrine of the Scriptures. In the preparation of this work Swedenborg had especially in view the clergy of the Christian church and he distrib uted the book to them and to theological semi naries in Europe. The last and crowning work of this series of philosophical and doctrinal ex positions of the Internal Sense of the Word and of the nature of the Spiritual World is 'The True Christian Religion or the Universal The ology of the New Church' (1771). In this book is presented a general view of the Doc trines of the New Church fully explained to gether with wonderful accounts of things seen and heard in the Spiritual World related by Swedenborg as a witness thereof.
Among the writings of Swedenborg pub lished since his decease may be specially men tioned 'The Spiritual Diary> (1748-65), com prising a chronicle in the form of notes about persons and things in the Spiritual World, memorable for one reason or another, which he either met or was in some way concerned with on account of his mission.
In another posthumous little work, 'The Consummation of the Age,' etc., Swedenborg explains that now is the end of the Christian Church, the Second Advent of the Lord and the beginning of the New Church which is sig nified by the Jerusalem* in John s Apocalypse.
Bibliography.— Complete edition of works issued in England by the Swedenborgian Soci ety of London, also concordance by J. F. Polk (6 vols., 1888 et seq.). There is also the edition of Rotch (32 vols., Boston 1907).
Biographies: Wilkinson, J. J., 'Emanuel Swedenborg' (Boston 1849) ; Hitchcock, E. A., 'Swedenborg; the Hermetic Philosopher> (New York 1858) ; (Swedenborg: Harbinger of the New Age' (Philadelphia 1910) ; Emerson, R. W., (Swedenborg, or the Mystic in Repre sentative Men' (Century Edition, Boston 1903) ; Trobridge, George, 'Life of Emanuel Swedenborg> (Boston 1913); Bernheim, Paul ine, (Balzac and Swedenborg' (Berlin 1914). Documents concerning (Life and Character of Emanuel Swedenborg,' collected and translated and annotated by R. L. Tafel (3 vols., London 1875-77) ; Hyde, J. J. G., 'Bibliography of the Works of Emanuel Swedenborg> (New York 1906) ; Stroh, A. H., 'Abridged Chronological List of Works of Emanuel (Upsala 1910). Edition de luxe issued by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences.