Tapestry Marks.— The first producers' marks appeared in 1528, when Brussels passed the ordinance by which each piece had to have the town mark, ca heraldic shield between two B'sc in either capitals or minuscules. The two B's either face the same waY or, sometimes, the left B is depicted backwards. It appears on the galloon and generally in a lighter tone than the body. There was also the merchant's mark. This law only affected those pieces of about 13 feet or over, not the small ones (which were few in early days). In the pieces from die Spanish ateliers of Wilhelm de Pan nemaker his W P is found in several confusing combinations, and die number 4 frequently is found combined with the W. The initials J G are said to be the weave mark of Jacques Geubel. The Bruges ateliers used two B's traversed by a crown. A gyronne of four in a shield or circle was the mark of Pierre of Enghien. In the 17th century we find initials frequently, as two C's intertwined for Charles Coomans; A. C. monogram for Alexander Coomans; J. F. for Jean Lefevre; P with a fieur-de-lis stood for Paris. A fowl roasting on a spit was the Jean Rost sign; Florence used a lily; Mortlalce a shield with a cross en tire; Tournay a castellated tower; Lille a pecu liar shield charged with a lily and side initials L and F; Amiens used a double S entwined; Beauvais a red heart, white pale and two B's; Munich a shield charged with a child standing with arms outstretched on white background (field).
Bibliography.— Baumgarten, W., (Tapes try; a short resume of the History' (New York 1897) ; Castella, A., "Les tapisseries,c in 'Bib liotheque des Merveilles) (Paris 1816); Cham peaux, A. de, 'Tapestry, a South Kensing ton Handbook) (I.ondon 1878) ; Juiffrey, J. M. J., 'Histoire de la tapisserie) (Tours 1836) ; id., 'Les manufactures parisiennes de tapisseries au 17e slide) (Paris 1892) ; id., (La tapisserie en France et ses applications) (Paris 1887) ; Havard, H., °La tapisserie,c in 'Les Arts de l'Ameublement) (Paris 1897) ; Houday, J., 'Les tapisseries de Haute-Lisse; Histoire de la fabrication lilloise du 14e slide' (Lille 1871) ; Hunter, G. L., 'Tapestries: Their Origin, His tory and Renaissance' (New York 1912) ; Jubinal, M. L. A., 'Recherches sur l'usage et origine des tapisseries 1 personnages dites his tonees) (Pans 1840) ; Gerspach, E., 'Les tap isseries coptes) (Paris 1890); Mfintz, E., 'La tap isserie) (Paris 1883) ; id., 'Histoire de la tap isserie en Italie, en Allemagne, en Angleterre, en Espagne, &c.) (Paris 1878-84) ; id., 'Les tapisseries de Raphael au Vatican et dans les pnncipaux musees ou collections de l'Europe' (Paris 1897) ; Laking, G. F., 'The Furniture of Windsor Castle) (London 1905) ; Pinchart, A., 'Histoire de la tapisserie dans les Flan dres) (Paris 1878-85) ; Thomson, W. G„ 'Tap estry Weaving in England from the Earliest Times to the End of the 18th Century' (New York 1915). See also GOBELINS.